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"Telah dilakukan penelitian dari berat dan ukuran berbagai organ tubuh pada suatu populasi orang Indonesia, yaitu sebanyak 122 kasus yang terdiri dari 94 pria dan 26 wanita, berumur sekitar 20 sampai 49 tahun, pada tahun 1989.Pada penelitian ini ditemukan berat otak pria 1346,22 x 130,05 gr, wanita 1197,02 ± 143,71 gr, berat otak besar pria 1175,2O ± 118,03 gr, wanita 1042,10 ± 135,42 gr, ukuran otak besar pria 17,29 x 14,60 x 6,97 cm, wanita 16,89 x 12,96 x 6,62 cm, berat otak kecil pria 137,00 ± 16,52 gr, wanita 127,63 ± 11,66 gr, ukuran otak kecil pria 5,89 x 10,01 x3,13 cm, wanita 6,05 x 9,87 x x 3,02 cm, berat batang otak pria 33,91 ± 11,55 gr, wanita 28,13 ± 9,67 gr, berat kelenjar gondok dan paratiroid pria 17,28 x 4,80 gr, wanita 18,22 x 5,14 gr, ukuran baga kanan gondok pria 4 ,80 x 2 40 x 1 57 wanita 4,44 x 2,32 x 1,63 cm, baga kiri gondok pria 4,60 x 2,23 x 1,46 cm, wanita 4,43 x 2,03 x 1,50 cm isthmus pria 1,70 x 1,12 x 0,31 cm, wanita 1,62 x 1,04 x 0,29 cm, berat jantung pria 257,45 x 38,78 gr, wanita 218,50 ± 34,16 gr, ukuran jantung pria 11,90 x 9,95 x 4,43 cm, wanita 11,80 x 9,83 x 4,22 cm, berat paru kanan pria 420,80 ± 205,00 gr,wanita 394,40 ± 133,60gr, paru kiri pria 381,90 ± 175,00 gr, wanita 336,80 ± 107,30 gr, ukuran paru kanan pria 21,60 x 15,50 x 6,62 cm, wanita 20,10 x 15,00 x 7,36 cm, paru kiri pria 22,70 x 14,80 x 6,02 cm, wanita 21,50 x 14,30 x 6,34 cm, berat hati pria 1162,80 ± 292,53 gr, wanita 1081,00 ± 228,38 gr, ukuran hati pria 27,60 x 16,70 x 5,88 cm, wanita 27,60 x 16,40 x5,04 cm, berat limpa pria 112,50 ± 37,77 gr, wanita 104,20± 27,77gr, ukuran limpa pria 11,50 x 7,18 x 2,15 cm, wanita 11,80 x 6,94 x 2,22 cm, berat kelenjar liur perut pria 80,57 ± 19,95 gr, wanita 67,83 ± 16,90 gr , ukuran kelenjar liur perut pria 20,40 x 4,54 x 1,58 cm, wanita 19,40 x 4,64 x 1,36 cm, berat anak ginjal kanan pria 5,99± 1,70 gr, wanita 4,81 ± 1,48 gr, ukuran anak ginjal kanan pria 5,16 x 5,60 x 0,41 cm, wanita 4,78 x 2,90 X 0,55 cm, berat anak ginjal kiri pria 5,77 ± 1,70 gr, wanita 4,82 ± 1,66 gr, ukuran anak ginjal kiri pria 5,13 x 2,73 x 0,41 cm, wanita 4,85 x 2,70 x 0,46 cm, berat ginjal kanan pria 102,70 ± 20,06 gr, wanita 96,48 ± 23,71 gr, ukuran ginjal kanan pria 10,00 x 5,41 x 2,51 cm, wanita 9,94 x 5,13 x 2,45 cm, berat ginjal kiri pria 104,80 ± 21,11 gr, wanita 95,74 ± 21,38 gr, ukuran ginjal kiri pria 10,00 x 5,22 x 2,53 cm, wanita 9,77 x 5,13 x 2,47 cm, berat kelenjar prostat 16,86 ± 2,99 gr, ukuran prostat 3,35 x 4,46 x 1,95 cm, berat buah zakar kanan 13,89 ± 3,38 gr, kiri 13,45 ± 3,13 gr, ukuran buah zakar kanan 4,08 x 2,71 x 1,55 cm, kiri 3,95 x 2,64 x 1,54 cm. Berat rahim 69,53 ± 22,52 gr, ukuran rahim 7,97 x 5,53 x 2,75 cm, berat indung telur kanan 7,29 ± 2,33 gr, kiri 7,07 ± 2,02 gr, ukuran indung telur kanan 3,36 x 2,31 x 0,94 cm, kiri 3,45 x 2,04 x 0,98 cm.Dari penelitian pada suatu populasi orang Indonesia terlihat bahwa secara umum berat dan ukuran rata-rata berbagai organ tuhuh orang Indonesia adalah lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan data-data dari peneliti Barat, serta ratio berat organ-organ terhadap berat badan, terutama ratio berat limpa terhadap berat badan (rumus Spencer dan Chaudhuri) dapat digunakan untuk identifiikasi berat badan jenazah, khususnya pada kasus mutilasi."

"Ruang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian: Ruang di sistem pernafasan yang tidak ikut dalam pertukaran gas disebut ruang rugi. Ruang rugi fisiologik terdiri dari ruang rugi anatomik dan ruang rugi alveolar. Pengukuran ruang rugi fisiologik mempunyai arti penting di klinik antara lain, rasioruang rugi fisiologik (V0) dan volume alun nafas (VT) merupakan indikator sensitif untuk gangguan perfusi paru, misalnya emboli paru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai V pada orang normal dan penderita penyakit paru obstruksi menahun (PPOM), serta faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Penelitian dilakukan pada 30 pria sehat berumur 40 tahun ke atas dan 30 pria penderita PPOM dengan umur yang sama. Penderita PPOM terdiri dari kelompok bronkitis kronik dan asma kronik, serta kelompok bronkitis-emfisema dan emfisema. Dilakukan pengukuran volume alun nafas, tekanan CO2 darah arteri (P C02) dan tekanan CO2 rata-rata udara ekspirasi (PECO2). Pengukuran PEC02 dilakukan dengan cara baru, yaitu berdasarkan analisis kapnogram. Nilai VD diperoleh berdasarkan persamaan Bohr dari ketiga parameter di atas dikurangi dengan besarnya ruang rugi alat. Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Nilai VD kelompok PPOM adalah 361,6 ± 91,6 ml (X ± SD), dan pada kelompok kontrol 201,03 ± 26,83 ml. Pada kelompok bronkitis kronik dan asma kronik, VD 381 ± 21,24 ml, tidak berbeda dari kelompok bronkitis-emfisema dan emfisema yaitu 344,43 ± 26,43 ml. Tidak ada hubungan antara VD dengan lama sakit maupun dengan FEV1 pada kelompok PPOM. Demikian pula antara kelompok bronkitis kronik dan asma kronik dengan kelompok bronkitis-emfisema dan emfisema. Penyakit paru obstruksi menahun menyebabkan peningkatan ruang rugi fisiologik. Pengukuran PECO2 dengan analisis kapnogram lebih praktis, hanya menggunakan satu macam alat, waktu pemeriksaan lebih singkat, dan hasil yang diperoleh ekivalen dengan cara konvensional. "

"ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Tesis ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui insidens retensio urin pasca rekonstruksi POP dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan.Retensio urinmerupakan komplikasi akut tindakan rekonstruksi dan banyak dijumpai padaprosedur operasi, termasuk operasi POP (POP). Untuk menghindari morbiditaslebih lanjut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui insidens rertensio urinpasca rekonstruksi POP faktor-faktor risiko yang berhubungan.Metode: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kohort prospektif yang dilaksanakan diRS Cipto Mangunkusumo dan RS Fatmawati dengan mengikutsertakan wanitayang hendak mengalami rekonstruksi POP dalam rentang waktu April 2013hingga April 2015. Kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi subjek meliputi wanita denganPOP derajat 2,3 dan 4 tanpa riwayat retensio urin sebelumnya, konsumsi obatobatanyangdapat menyebabkan retensio urin dan tanpa cedera kandung kemih.Pasca rekonstruksi, subjek dilakukan pemasangan kateter urin selama 24 jam.Kemudian, enam jam pasca pelesapan kateter, dilakukan pengukuran residu urinpada kandung kemih. Retensio urin didefinisikan dengan didapatkannya residuurin >100 ml.Hasil: Dari 200 subjek, ditemukan 59 subjek (29,5%) mengalami retensio urin.Tidak ada hubungan antara faktor risiko umur, Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT),derajat POP, derajat sistokel, kejadian infeksi saluran kemih, dan durasi operasiterhadap retensio urin. Jenis prosedur total vagina hysterectomy + kolporafianterior + kolpoperineorafi + sacrospinous fixation dan durasi operasi > 130menit berhubungan dengan retensio urin dengan RR 3,66 95% IK 2,91-4,60p<0,001 dan 1,66 95%IK 1,07-2,59 p=0,02, berturut-turutKesimpulan: Insidens retensio urin cukup tinggi pasca rekonstruksi POP. Jenistindakan rekonstruksi tertentu dan semakin lamanya durasi rekonstruksiberhubungan dengan kejadian retensio urin.ABSTRACT Background: The objective of this study was to know the incidence of post operativeurinaryretention after pelvic organ prolapse surgery and associatedfactors.Post operative urinary retention (POUR) is considered as an acutecomplication after a surgey in many operative procedures, including pelvic organprolpase (POP) surgery. To avoid further morbidity, this study aimed to know theincidence of POUR after POP surgery and its risk factors. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study conducted in Cipto Mangunkusumohospital and Fatmawati Hospital from April 2013 to April 2015. Subjects werewomen who wanted to undergo POP surgery with two to four degree of POP.Subjects with history of urinary retention, drugs consumption that tend to causeurinary retention or bladder unjury were excluded. After the reconstruction,urinary catheter was placed for 24 hours. Then, after six hours, catheter wasremoved and residual urine was measured. Urinary retention was defined asresidual urine more than 100 ml. Results: Of 200 subjects recruited, 59 (29.5%) had POUR. There were noassociation between age, body mass index, degree of uterine POPe, degree ofcystocele, urinary tract infectionand POUR. Duration of surgery > 130 minute andTotal vagina hysterectomy +anterior colporraphy + colpoperineorraphy +sacrospinous fixation procedure and duration of surgery > 130 minute were associated with POUR (RR 3.66, 2.91-4.60 95% CI, p<0.001 and 1.66 , 072.5995%CI,p=0.02;respectively)Conclusion: POUR incidence after POP surgery was quite high. Type of theprocedure and duration of surgery were associated with POUR.;Background: The objective of this study was to know the incidence of post operativeurinaryretention after pelvic organ prolapse surgery and associatedfactors.Post operative urinary retention (POUR) is considered as an acutecomplication after a surgey in many operative procedures, including pelvic organprolpase (POP) surgery. To avoid further morbidity, this study aimed to know theincidence of POUR after POP surgery and its risk factors. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study conducted in Cipto Mangunkusumohospital and Fatmawati Hospital from April 2013 to April 2015. Subjects werewomen who wanted to undergo POP surgery with two to four degree of POP.Subjects with history of urinary retention, drugs consumption that tend to causeurinary retention or bladder unjury were excluded. After the reconstruction,urinary catheter was placed for 24 hours. Then, after six hours, catheter wasremoved and residual urine was measured. Urinary retention was defined asresidual urine more than 100 ml. Results: Of 200 subjects recruited, 59 (29.5%) had POUR. There were noassociation between age, body mass index, degree of uterine POPe, degree ofcystocele, urinary tract infectionand POUR. Duration of surgery > 130 minute andTotal vagina hysterectomy +anterior colporraphy + colpoperineorraphy +sacrospinous fixation procedure and duration of surgery > 130 minute were associated with POUR (RR 3.66, 2.91-4.60 95% CI, p<0.001 and 1.66 , 072.5995%CI,p=0.02;respectively)Conclusion: POUR incidence after POP surgery was quite high. Type of theprocedure and duration of surgery were associated with POUR.;Background: The objective of this study was to know the incidence of post operativeurinaryretention after pelvic organ prolapse surgery and associatedfactors.Post operative urinary retention (POUR) is considered as an acutecomplication after a surgey in many operative procedures, including pelvic organprolpase (POP) surgery. To avoid further morbidity, this study aimed to know theincidence of POUR after POP surgery and its risk factors. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study conducted in Cipto Mangunkusumohospital and Fatmawati Hospital from April 2013 to April 2015. Subjects werewomen who wanted to undergo POP surgery with two to four degree of POP.Subjects with history of urinary retention, drugs consumption that tend to causeurinary retention or bladder unjury were excluded. After the reconstruction,urinary catheter was placed for 24 hours. Then, after six hours, catheter wasremoved and residual urine was measured. Urinary retention was defined asresidual urine more than 100 ml. Results: Of 200 subjects recruited, 59 (29.5%) had POUR. There were noassociation between age, body mass index, degree of uterine POPe, degree ofcystocele, urinary tract infectionand POUR. Duration of surgery > 130 minute andTotal vagina hysterectomy +anterior colporraphy + colpoperineorraphy +sacrospinous fixation procedure and duration of surgery > 130 minute were associated with POUR (RR 3.66, 2.91-4.60 95% CI, p<0.001 and 1.66 , 072.5995%CI,p=0.02;respectively)Conclusion: POUR incidence after POP surgery was quite high. Type of theprocedure and duration of surgery were associated with POUR."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Drainase temporer saluran kemih bagian atas dapat dilakukan dengan pemasangan stent ureter. Pemasangan DJ stent dapat memberikan keluhan rasa tidak nyaman pada pasien yang bervariasi dari seseorang ke orang yang lain dan bersifat idiosinkrasi Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa yang berpengaruh terhadap gejalagejala berkemih dan nyeri pada pasien-pasien yang terpasang DJ stent di RSUP Dr. Sardjito dan RSPAU Dr. Suhardi Hardjolukito Yogyakarta. Metode: Penelitian prospektif ini dilakukan pada bulan Maret - Agustus. Semua pasien yang dipasang DJ stent diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Kriteria eksklusi adalah pasien yang dipasang DJ stent dengan kasus keganasan, pasien yang menjalani pemasangan DJ stent,dan pasien dengan DJ stent bilateral.Sebelum dan 1 bulan setelah dipasang DJ stent, yakni ketika pasien dijadwalkan lepas DJ stent, pasien kembali mengisi kuesioner IPSS, USSQ dan VAS. Data IPSS, komponen berkemih USSQ dan VAS dicatat dan dianalisis dengan Chi Square/ Fisher exact test, Pearson/Spearman dan Mann Whitney Hasil: Dari 40 pasien, laki-laki 23 orang (57,5%) dan perempuan 17 orang(42,5%), rerata usia 44,92 tahun dan lama pemasangan DJ stent 38,22 hari.Berdasarkan hasil IPSS, terdapat hubungan bermakna antara IPSS total sebelum dan setelah pemasangan DJ stent (p <0,001; r = 0,628). Distribusi gejala berkemih yang sering muncul pada kuesioner USSQ adalah disuria (62,5%), frekuensi (55%), nokturia (52,5%), buang air kecil tidak lampias (47,5%), hematuria (35%), dan urgensi (15%). Pada analisis bivariate, posisi DJ stent berhubungan dengan timbulnya frekuensi (p <0,001), nokturia (<0,001), urgensi (p=0,002), buang air kecil tidak lampias (p=0,049), dysuria (p=0,030), hematuria (p=0,026) dan nyeri (p<0,001). Kesimpulan: Gejala berkemih sebelum dipasang DJ stent dan posisi DJ stentmerupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi timbulnya gejala berkemih dan nyeri pada pemasangan DJ stent.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Temporary drainage of upper urinary tract can be performed by ureteral stents. Stent discomfort can vary from one patient to another in an idiosyncratic manner. Purpose: To study factors that influence urinary symptoms and pain related to stented ureter Methode: This is prospectif study, from March 2014 to August 2014, to known factors that influence urinary symptoms and pain of patients with ureteral stent.All patients were inserted ureteral stent participated in this study. Exclusioncriteria were patients with malignancy, patients who had history of DJ stentplacement previously, and patients with bilateral DJ stents. All patients completed IPSS questionnaire before inserted stents. After 1 month, when removal DJ stents performed, all patients completed IPSS,USSQ and VAS. All data was analized with Chi square/fisher exact test, pearson/spearman correlation and Mann Whitney. Results: Fourty patients consist of 23 man (57.5%) and 17 women (42.5%)completed this study. The mean age was 44.92 years old and length of stentedureter was 38.22 days. There was significance correlation between IPSS of DJstent preinsertion and post insertion ( p<0.001; r = 0.628). Of the patients reporteddysuria (62.5%), frekuensi (55%), nocturia (52.5%), incomplete emptying(47.5%), hematuria (35%) and ugency (15%). On bivariate analysis, there wassignificance correlation between DJ stent position and frequency (p <0.001),nocturia (<0.001), urgency (p=0.002), incomplete emptying (p=0.049), dysuria(p=0.030), hematuria (p=0.026) and pain (p<0.001). Conclusion: Previous urinary symptoms and DJ stent position were factors that influence urinary symptoms and pain related ureteral stent insertion."

"Pengaruh hormon mengaktifkan kelenjar sebasea saat remaja, dan meningkatkan kelembaban genitalia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan remaja awal tentang kesehatan organ reproduksi wanita dan perilaku vulva hygiene. Penelitian ini berjenis kuantitatif dengan desain deskriptif sederhana. Sampel penelitian mencakup 108 siswi kelas tujuh dan delapan, dengan teknik simple random sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, mayoritas pengetahuan remaja cukup (62,0%) dan perilaku vulva hygiene baik (51,9%). Informasi mempengaruhi pengetahuan, yang menentukan perilaku. Peneliti menyarankan pemberian informasi kesehatan reproduksi oleh peer group secara berkala, mahasiswa keperawatan juga perlu mempelajari keterampilan menyampaikan materi kesehatan reproduksi bagi remaja secara efektif.

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Hormonal changes activate sebacea glands and increase genitalia moisture. The study aimed to find the knowledge level of female reproductive health and vulva hygiene behaviour in early female adolescents. The method of this research was quantitative descriptive. The data were collected from 108 female students in seventh and eighth grade by simple random sampling. Result showed that most respondents had sufficient knowledge (62,0%) and good vulva hygiene behaviour (51,9%). Information influence knowledge, that determine human behaviour. Researcher suggested that delivering information about reproductive health by peer group should be done regularly, nursing students also need to learn communication skill in deliver reproductive health materials for adolescents effectively."

"Transplantasi organ dan jaringan tubuh manusia menjadi salah satu primadona dalam bidang kedokteran karena dianggap sebagai metode pengobatan yang paling efektif untuk mengobati kerusakan atau kegagalan fungsi sel, jaringan, atau organ tubuh manusia. Tidak hanya kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, kemajuan dalam kebijakan, penegakkan, dan ketatnya pengawasan hukum juga menjadi beberapa faktor penunjang peningkatan kualitas serta kuantitas praktik transplantasi organ dan jaringan tubuh manusia. Pada umumnya, peraturan tentang transplantasi organ dan jaringan tubuh manusia di tiap negara berbeda-beda, begitu pun dengan yang berlaku di Indonesia dan di Tiongkok. Perbedaan ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor antara lain perbedaan ideologi, budaya, serta sistem hukum yang kemudian memengaruhi penerapan hukum di kedua negara tersebut, termasuk dalam hukum perdata dan hukum kesehatan serta lebih khusus mengenai peraturan tentang transplantasi organ dan jaringan tubuh manusia. Skripsi ini memaparkan tentang perbandingan peraturan tentang transplantasi organ dan jaringan tubuh yang berlaku di Indonesia dan Tiongkok ditinjau hukum perdata untuk menemukan persamaan, perbedaan, serta implikasi dari penerapannya.

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Organ and body tissue transplantation became one of the crucial method in the medical field since it is considered as the most effective treatment method to cure the damage or malfunction of human body?s cell, tissue, or organ. Not only the advancement of knowledge and technology, the improvement of policy, enforcement, and the establishment of law supervision are also becoming several supporting factors that incrases the quality and quantity of organ and body tissue transplantation practice. Generally, the regulation about organ and body tissue transplantation in each country is different, thus also applied between Indonesia and China. This difference determined by several factors such as differences in ideology, culture, and legal system that influences the law implementation in both countries, including in private law and health law, specifically in the human organ and body tissue transplantation regulation. This thesis explains about the comparison of organ and body tissue transplantation regulation in Indonesia and China from private law perspective in order to uncover the similarities, differences, and also the implications from its implementation."

"ABSTRAK Pendahuluan: Pembesaran Prostat Jinak merupakan salah satu penyakit yangumum ditemukan pada pria lanjut usia, berakibat pada pembesaran prostat, obstruksi muara buli dan gejala saluran kemih bawah. Namun gejala dan obstruksi yang terjadi tidak seluruhnya bergantung pada ukuran prostat. Protrusi prostat intravesika telah ditemukan berkorelasi dengan obstruksi buli. Pada tulisan ini akan dibahas mengenai hubungan antara protrusi prostat intravesika, prostat specific antigen, dan volume prostat, serta mana dari ketiganya yang merupakan prediktor terbaik untuk menunjukkan adanya obstruksi muara buli yang disebabkan oleh pembesaran prostat jinak.Metode: Sebuah studi prospektif pada 118 pasien pria diperiksa antara Januari 2012 sampai Juli 2012. Pasien pria berusia lebih dari 40 tahun yang datang dengan LUTS dan dicurigai menderita BPH dipilih untuk mengikuti studi. Mereka dievaluasi dengan digital rectal examination (DRE), International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS), serum total PSA, uroflowmetri, pengukuran urin residu postvoid, Intravesical Protrusion Prostate (IPP) dan Prostate Volume (PV), menggunakan USG transabdominal.Hasil: PV, IPP dan PSA menunjukkan korelasi paralel. Ketiga indikator menunjukkan korelasi yang baik dalam mendeteksi obstruksi muara buli yang disebabkan oleh pembesaran prostat jinak. Analisis statistik menggunakan tes Chi square dan Spearman?s Rank correlation test. Kurva Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) digunakan untuk membandingkan korelasi PSA, PV dan IPP dengan BOO. Angka rerata PSA ditemukan lebih tinggi signifikan pada pasien yang mengalami obstruksi (8.6 ng/mL;0.76-130) dibandingkan dengan yang tidak mengalami obstruksi (6.44 ng/ml;1.0-40.6). Angka rerata volume protat juga ditemukan lebih tinggi pada pasien dengan obstruksi (50.33 mL±24.34) dibandingkan yang tidak mengalami obstruksi (50.33 mL ±24.34). Angka rerata IPP juga ditemukan lebih tinggi signifikan pada pasien obstruksi (7.29±2.78) dibandingkan dengan yang tidak mengalami obstruksi (6.59±2.93). Koefisien korelasi rho spearman adalah 0.617, 0.721 dan 0.797 untuk PSA, PV, dan IPP.Dengan menggunakan kurva karakteristik receiver-operator, daerah di bawah kurva ditempat secara berturut-turut oleh PSA, PV, dan IPP yaitu 0.509, 0.562, dan 0.602. Nilai prediktif positif dari PV, PSA dan IPP adalah 59.7%, 55.6%, dan 60.2%. Menggunakan model regresi nominal, IPP tetap menjadi indeks independen utama untuk menentukan BOO yang disebabkan oleh pembesaran prostat jinak. Kesimpulan: Prostat Specific Antigen, Prosat Volume dan Intravesical Prostatic Protrusion diukur dengan menggunakan ultrasonografi transabdominal, merupakan metode yang noninvasif dan mudah didapat yang sangat berkorelasi dengan obstruksi muara buli (bladder outlet obstruction/BOO) pada pasien dengan pembesaran prostat jinak, dan korelasi IPP lebih kuat dibandingkan PSA dan PV.Ketiga indikator non invasif ini berkorelasi satu dengan lainnya. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa IPP merupakan prediktor yang lebih baik untuk BOOdibandingkan PSA atau PV.

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ABSTRAK Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases in elderly men. Benign prostatic hyperplasia may lead to prostatic enlargement, bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). But the symptoms and obstruction do not entirely depend on the size of prostate. In contrast, intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP) has been found to correlate with BOO. This study will define the relationship between intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP), prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate volume (PV) and also determine which one of them is the best predictor of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) due to benign prostatic enlargement.Method: A prospective study of 118 male patients examined between Januari 2012 until July 2012 was performed. Male patients aged more than 40 yearspresenting with LUTS and suggestive of BPH were selected for the study. They were evaluated with digital rectal examination (DRE), International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS), serum total PSA, uroflowmetry, postvoid residual urine measurement, Intravesical Protrusion Prostate (IPP) and Prostate Volume (PV) using transabdominal ultrasound.Results: PV, IPP and PSA showed parallel correlation. Although all three indices had good correlation in detecting bladder outlet obstruction caused by benign prostate hyperplasia. Statistical analysis included Chi square test and Spearman?s Rank correlation test. Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to compare the correlation of PSA, PV and IPP with BOO. Mean prostate specific antigen was significantly higher in obstructed patients (8.6 ng/mL; 0.76-130) compared to non-obstructed patients (6.44 ng/mL; 1.0-40.6). Mean prostatevolume was significantly larger in obstructed patients (50.33 mL ± 24.34) compared to non-obstructed patients (45.39 mL ± 23.43). Mean IPP was significantly greater in obstructed patients (7.29 ± 2.78) compared to nonobstructed patients (6.59 ± 2.93). The Spearman rho correlation coefficients were 0.617, 0.721 and 0.797 for PSA, PV and IPP, respectively. Using receiveroperator characteristic curves, the areas under the curve for PSA, PV and IPP were 0.509, 0.562 and 0.602, respectively. The positive predictive values of PV, PSA and IPP were 59.7%, 55.6% and 60.2%, respectively. Using a nominalregression model, IPP remained the most significant independent index to determine BOO caused by benign prostate hyperplasia. Conclusion: Prostate Specific Antigen, Prostate volume & intravesical prostatic protrusion measured through transabdominal ultrasonography are noninvasive and accessible method that significantly correlates with bladder outlet obstruction in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and the correlation of IPP is much more stronger than PSA and PV. All three non-invasive indices correlate with one another. The study showed that IPP is a better predictor for BOO than PSA or PV."

"Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) merupakan masalah kesehatan pertama pada sepuluh data penyakit terbesar di Desa Cilebut Barat dan Cilebut Timur. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh adanya pembangunan industri mebel. ISPA menyerang pekerja industri mebel. Desain studi yang digunakan adalah cross sectional untuk mengetahui hubunganpajanan (PM10) dengan kejadian ISPA pada pekerja mebel dengan populasi seluruh pekerja mebel di kedua desa. Hasil yang didapat konsentrasi (PM10) 50,3 μg/m3 ? 80 μg/m3 dengan rata-rata 70,6 μg/m3 untuk pengukuran 24 jam. Jumlah pekerja yang mengalami ISPA 43 orang (43,9%). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan ada hubungan antara konsentrasi PM10), suhu ruang kerja (p = 0,027), masa kerja (p = 0,010), pemakaian alat pelindung diri (p=0,001), kebiasaanmerokok (p = 0,039) dengan kejadian ISPA (p = 0,045). Pengawasan kesehatan lingkungan dan pekerja, pemeriksaan konsentrasi debu (PM10) dan kesehatan pekerja secara berkala, serta penyuluhan dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kesadaran semua pihak akan dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh aktivitas industi mebel.Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) ranks first among the ten largest diseases in West and East Cilebut, caused by the development of furniture industry. Cross sectional method is used in this study to know the relationship between PM10 and ARI among the wholepopulation of workers in the furniture industry in Cilebut, both in the west and the east of this industry area. The study found concentrations of PM10 50,3 μg/m3 ? of 80 μg/m3 with an average of 70,6 μg/m3 in 24 hours of measurement. There were 43 workers who suffered from ARI. The study showed there was a relationship between PM10 concentration, the temperature of the study (p = 0.027), years of service (p = 0.010), use of personal protective equipment (p = 0.001), smoking habits (p = 0.39), and ARI incidences. It is, therefore, necessary to control environmental health and the health of workers periodically through examination of PM10 concentration and throughworkers? health checks. In addition, educative information should be disseminated to all parties concerned in order to increase knowledge and the awareness of the impact created by the furniture industry on both the environment and the workers."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Atelektasis merupakan komplikasi pernapasan perioperatif yang sering terjadi hingga 24 jam pascaoperatif, namun dapat bertahan hingga beberapa hari. Penggunaan PEEP dapat membuka alveolus yang kolaps pascaoperatif. Penelitian ini berusaha membandingkan efek PEEP 5 cmH20 dan 10 cmH2O terhadap distribusi ventilasi pada pasien pascaoperatif menggunakan EIT.Metoda. Uji klinis acak ini dilakukan di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo terhadap 35 pasien operasi kranioktomi dan laparotomi elektif (usia 18-60 tahun, durasi bedah > 3 jam, paru normal). Subjek dirandomisasi ke dalam 2 kelompok intervensi: ventilasi mekanik pascaoperatif PEEP 5 cmH20 (PEEP-5) dan PEEP 10 cmH2O (PEEP-10). Hipotesis penelitian adalah distribusi ventilasi PEEP-10 lebih baik dibandingkan PEEP-5. Parameter ∆TIV, ∆EELI (global dan regional) dan CR diambil dari monitor EIT PulmoVista 500®.Hasil. Nilai ∆TIV antara bagian paru anterior dan posterior berbeda bermakna secara statistik pada menit ke-20 (p=0,012), namun masih ada subjek kelompok PEEP-5 dengan distribusi ventilasi tidak homogen hingga 1 jam pengukuran. Nilai ∆EELI global dan regional dalam 1 jam secara statistik bermakna dengan nilai p<0,05. Nilai ∆CR (anterior dan posterior) bermakna secara statistik (p=0,000) dalam 1 jam. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan ratio PF, lama intubasi dan lama rawat di UPI. Tidak ditemukan komplikasi paru/ekstraparu lain dan mortalitas.Simpulan. Distribusi ventilasi berdasarkan gambaran EIT antara penggunaan PEEP 10 cmH2O dan PEEP 5 cmH2O tidak berbeda secara statistik dalam 1 jam penggunaan ventilasi mekanik pascaoperatif. Distribusi ventilasi hanya bermakna secara statistik pada menit ke-20. pernapasan perioperatif

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ABSTRACTBackground. Atelectasis is the most common perioperative respiratory complications up to 24 hours postoperatively, but can last up to several days. PEEP can open postoperative alveolar collapse. We determined to compare the effect of PEEP 5 cmH20 and 10 cmH2O on distribution of ventilation in patients postoperatively using EIT.Method. This randomized clinical trial conducted in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital to 35 patients underwent elective craniotomy and laparotomy (18-60 years of age, surgery> 3 hours, normal lung). Subjects were randomized into two intervention groups: postoperative mechanical ventilation PEEP 5 cmH20 (PEEP-5) and 10 cmH2O PEEP (PEEP-10). The hypothesis is distribution of ventilation PEEP-10 is better than PEEP-5. Parameter ΔTIV, ΔEELI (global and regional) and ΔCR were taken from a monitor EIT PulmoVista 500®.Results. ΔTIV values ​​between anterior and posterior parts of lung statistically significant difference in the 20th minute (p=0.012), but there is still a subject of the PEEP group-5 which has a non-homogeneous distribution of ventilation up to 1 hour of measurement. The value of ΔEELI (global and regional ) in 1 hour statistically significant with p <0.05. ΔCR value (anterior and posterior) was statistically significant (p = 0.000) in 1 hour. No differences found for PF ratio, length of intubation and duration of hospitalization in ICU. No pulmonary/extrapulmonaary complications and mortality were found.Conclusion. Distribution of ventilation based EIT imaging between the use of PEEP 10 cmH2O and PEEP 5 cmH2O do not differ statistically within 1st hour of the postoperative mechanical ventilation. Distribution of ventilation is statistically significant only in the 20th minute.;Background. Atelectasis is the most common perioperative respiratory complications up to 24 hours postoperatively, but can last up to several days. PEEP can open postoperative alveolar collapse. We determined to compare the effect of PEEP 5 cmH20 and 10 cmH2O on distribution of ventilation in patients postoperatively using EIT.Method. This randomized clinical trial conducted in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital to 35 patients underwent elective craniotomy and laparotomy (18-60 years of age, surgery> 3 hours, normal lung). Subjects were randomized into two intervention groups: postoperative mechanical ventilation PEEP 5 cmH20 (PEEP-5) and 10 cmH2O PEEP (PEEP-10). The hypothesis is distribution of ventilation PEEP-10 is better than PEEP-5. Parameter ΔTIV, ΔEELI (global and regional) and ΔCR were taken from a monitor EIT PulmoVista 500®.Results. ΔTIV values ​​between anterior and posterior parts of lung statistically significant difference in the 20th minute (p=0.012), but there is still a subject of the PEEP group-5 which has a non-homogeneous distribution of ventilation up to 1 hour of measurement. The value of ΔEELI (global and regional ) in 1 hour statistically significant with p <0.05. ΔCR value (anterior and posterior) was statistically significant (p = 0.000) in 1 hour. No differences found for PF ratio, length of intubation and duration of hospitalization in ICU. No pulmonary/extrapulmonaary complications and mortality were found.Conclusion. Distribution of ventilation based EIT imaging between the use of PEEP 10 cmH2O and PEEP 5 cmH2O do not differ statistically within 1st hour of the postoperative mechanical ventilation. Distribution of ventilation is statistically significant only in the 20th minute.;Background. Atelectasis is the most common perioperative respiratory complications up to 24 hours postoperatively, but can last up to several days. PEEP can open postoperative alveolar collapse. We determined to compare the effect of PEEP 5 cmH20 and 10 cmH2O on distribution of ventilation in patients postoperatively using EIT.Method. This randomized clinical trial conducted in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital to 35 patients underwent elective craniotomy and laparotomy (18-60 years of age, surgery> 3 hours, normal lung). Subjects were randomized into two intervention groups: postoperative mechanical ventilation PEEP 5 cmH20 (PEEP-5) and 10 cmH2O PEEP (PEEP-10). The hypothesis is distribution of ventilation PEEP-10 is better than PEEP-5. Parameter ΔTIV, ΔEELI (global and regional) and ΔCR were taken from a monitor EIT PulmoVista 500®.Results. ΔTIV values ​​between anterior and posterior parts of lung statistically significant difference in the 20th minute (p=0.012), but there is still a subject of the PEEP group-5 which has a non-homogeneous distribution of ventilation up to 1 hour of measurement. The value of ΔEELI (global and regional ) in 1 hour statistically significant with p <0.05. ΔCR value (anterior and posterior) was statistically significant (p = 0.000) in 1 hour. No differences found for PF ratio, length of intubation and duration of hospitalization in ICU. No pulmonary/extrapulmonaary complications and mortality were found.Conclusion. Distribution of ventilation based EIT imaging between the use of PEEP 10 cmH2O and PEEP 5 cmH2O do not differ statistically within 1st hour of the postoperative mechanical ventilation. Distribution of ventilation is statistically significant only in the 20th minute."