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"Kulit sebagai organ terbesar dan terluar dari tubuh manusia yang langsung berhadapan dengan lingkungan luar menjadi pertahanan fisik lini pertama sekaligus tempat kolonisasi mikrobiota komensal dalam mencegah invasi patogen. Identifikasi komposisi mikrobiota kulit menarik dilakukan untuk mengetahui interaksi antar mikrobiota sehingga mikrobiota kulit komensal yang bersifat probiotik dapat dikembangkan menjadi bahan aktif terapeutik mikrobioma kulit untuk menjaga kesehatan kulit. Keberagaman mikrobiota kulit dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, salah satunya adalah faktor etnis. Penelitian ini mempelajari pengaruh faktor etnis pada dewasa muda pria dan wanita yang mewakili etnis Papua, Jawa, dan keturunan Tionghoa terhadap profil mikrobioma kulit. DNA genomik mikrobiota dari sampel kulit wajah diekstraksi dan disekuens dengan metode Next Generation Sequencing lalu dilakukan analisis diversitas alfa dan beta. Berdasarkan analisis alfa dengan indeks OTU yang dterobservasi, Shannon, dan Faiths PD, diversitas dalam grup tertinggi terdapat pada grup etnis Papua dan terendah pada grup etnis keturunan Tionghoa, namun diversitas alfa ketiga grup tidak berbeda signifikan secara statistik. Analisis beta dilakukan berdasarkan kualitatif dan kuantitatif menunjukkan pengaruh faktor etnis pada profil mikrobioma kulit antar etnis yang signifikan secara statistik serta pengelompokkan yang baik berdasarkan hasil PCoA pada indeks Jaccard, disimilaritas Bray Curtis, Unweighted, dan Weighted. Bakteri yang bersifat komensal dan dominan selanjutnya dapat dikembangkan menjadi bacterial cocktail maupun formula postbiotik untuk terapi mikrobiota kulit dengan pertimbangan interaksi komposisi mikrobiota kulit pada etnis terkait.

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Skin as the largest and the outermost part of human body that directly exposed to the outer environment serves as the first physical barrier and colonised by commensal bacteria to prevent pathogen invasion. Identifying composition of commensal skin microbiota is interesting to know the interaction between the microbiota so the commensal skin microbiota who has probiotic effect can be developed as active substance of skin microbiome therapeutic to maintain skin health. The skin microbiome diversity is influenced by several factors, one of them is ethnicity. This study shows the influence of ethnicity factor in Papuans, Javanese, and Chinese descent young adults on skin microbiome profiles. The microbiota genomic DNA are extracted from the face skin samples and sequenced with Next Generation Sequencing method to be further analysed on its alpha and beta diversity. According to alpha diversity analysis with observed OTU, Shannon, and Faiths PD indices, the greatest alpha diversity shown in Papuans, while the smallest is shown in the Chinese descent group, but alpha diversity differences between three groups are not statistically significant. Beta diversity was assessed by the use of Jaccard index, Bray Curtis dissimilarity, Unweighted and Weighted Unifrac with PCoA shows the difference skin microbiome profiles according to ethnicity and is statistically significant between ethnic group. The characterised commensal and dominant bacteria can be further developed as bacterial cocktail and postbiotic formula as skin microbiome therapeutic with interaction between skin microbiota composition within each ethnicity taking into account."

"Pasar produk pencerah kulit menunjukkan pertumbuhan yang semakin pesat. Hal ini terjadi hampir menyeluruh di negara-negara Asia. Martha Tilaar Innovation Center telah menemukan bahan yang secara in vitro dapat berfungsi sebagai anti oksida dan anti tirosinase. Bahan-bahan ini diekstraksi dari tanaman Indonesia Lansium domesticum (LE) dan Phyllantus niruri (PE) *). Untuk dapat memanfaatkan bahan ini dalam sediaan kosmetik, perlu diperhatikan beberapa hal antara lain faktor kestabilan, keamanan dan manfaatnya terhadap kulit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari apakah bahan-bahan ini bekerja secara klinis sebagai pencerah dan pelembab kulit dalam sediaan kosmetik. Dalam makalah ini dikemukakan keamanan dan manfaat bahan-bahan alami yang diekstraksi dengan etanol dari tanaman Indonesia tersebut di atas. Pengujian keamanan secara klinis dilakukan dengan metode Uji Tempel Terbuka Berulang (UTTB) dan Uji Tempel Tertutup Tunggal (UTTT) pada lebih dari 50 relawan. Sifat iritasinya terhadap membran mukosa juga dievaluasi dengan metode HETCAM. Manfaatnya dalam mencerahkan dan melembabkan kulit dilakukan pada lebih dari 26 relawan, masing-masing dengan menggunakan alat Mexameter MX 16 dan Corneometer CM 820. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak Lansium domesticum dan ekstrak Phyllantus niruri aman terhadap kulit dan membran mukosa serta dapat berfungsi sebagai pencerah kulit. Ekstrak Lansium domesticumjuga memiliki efek melembabkan kulit.

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The market of skin lightening product grows very fast. This is especially true in almost all Asian countries. Martha Tilaar Innovation Center has found natural ingredients which function as anti oxidant and anti tyrosinase in vitro. These ingredients are extracted from Indonesian plants namely Lansium domesticum (LE)*) and Phyllantus niruri (PE) *). Several aspects should be considered to utilize these ingredients in cosmetic, such as, the stability of the plant materials and their safety and efficacy on human skin. The objective of this research is to study whether these ingredients in cosmetic preparations have skin lightening and skin moisturizing effects clinically. This article will describe the safety and efficacy evaluation on natural ingredients extracted with ethanol from the above Indonesian plants. The safety evaluation is conducted clinically using Repeated Opened Patch Test (ROPT) and followed by Single Closed Patch Test (SCPT) in more than 50 selected healthy volunteers. Their irritation properties on mucous membrane were evaluated using HETCAM method. Then, their efficacies on lightening and moisturizing were conducted in more than 26 volunteers, using Mexameter MX 16 and Corneometer CM 820. These results revealed that both extracts are safe on human skin and mucous membrane and can function as skin lightening agent. Lansium domesticum extract also has skin moisturizing effect."

"The key to great looking, healthy skin is what people eat and how they look after their bodies. Showing how readers can achieve radiant skin and clear up skin complaints such as acne and dryness by following a plan of sound nutrition, exercises and stress control, this book looks at how the skin works and how it reflects the health of the inside of the body - a factor often overlooked in favour of expensive creams and lotions. The book also addresses problems associated with different age groups, stressing that how skin is looked after in the early years can affect it for life. This comprehensive book proves that "you are what you eat" and that it's never too late to achieve super skin. Kathryn Marsden is the author of "The Food Combining Diet"

"Beberapa penelitian yang pernah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa jamur tiram (Pleurotus ostreatus) berpotensi sebagai antioksidan dan anti tirosinase sehingga dapat menghambat pembentukan melanin.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh sediaan gel yang mengandung ekstrak jamur tiram yang mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan dan penghambatan tirosinase, stabil dan aman. Metode yang digunakan adalah 1,1 difenil dipikrilhidrazil (DPPH) untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan dan dopakrom untuk mengetahui penghambatan terhadap enzim tirosinase. Parameter adanya aktivitas ditunjukkan oleh nilai IC50 dan persentase inhibisi. Uji stabilitas fisik terhadap sediaan gel selama 12 minggu dan uji keamanan kepada sukarelawan menggunakan metode single application closed patch epicutaneous test under occlusion.Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan dan penghambatan tirosinase menunjukkan ekstrak etanol 70% memiliki nilai IC50 yang lebih tinggi (79,0324 g/mL; 1,125 mg/mL) dibandingkan ekstrak air jamur tiram (94,4674 g/mL; 2,350 mg/mL). Ekstrak etanol 70% jamur tiram dibuat sediaan gel dengan 3 macam konsentrasi yaitu 0,2; 0,4 dan 0,8% (b/b). Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan dan penghambatan tirosinase terhadap sediaan gel menunjukkan persentase inhibisi yaitu gel 0,2% (52,63; 22,73%), gel 0,4% (64,9; 29,74%) dan gel 0,8% (70,47; 38,22%). Hasil uji stabilitas fisik selama 12 minggu menunjukkan ketiga konsentrasi gel bersifat stabil dan uji keamanan terhadap gel 0,8% tidak menimbulkan iritasi sehingga aman diaplikasikan ke kulit.

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Previous studies reported that oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) was potential as antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory effect so be able to inhibit melanin formation.The aim of the study was to formulate into gel containing Pleurotus ostreatus extract which had the antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor activity, stable and safe. The methode used 1,1- diphenyl-dipicrylhydrazil (DPPH) to determine antioxidant activity and dopachrome to determine tyrosinase inhibitory effect. The parameters for identifying the activity were determined by IC50 dan inhibitory percentage. Physical stability test was done for 12 weeks and safety test in human used single application closed patch epicutaneous test under occlusion method.The results showed that 70% ethanolic extract was higher in IC50 (79,0324 g/mL; 1,125 mg/mL) than water extract (94,4674 g/mL; 2,350 mg/mL). The 70% ethanolic extract was formulated into gel for three kinds concentrations (0,2; 0,4 and 0,8% (w/w). The results for antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities were gel 0,2% (52,63; 22,73%), gel 0,4% (64,9; 29,74%) dan gel 0,8% (70,47; 38,22%). The physical activity test for 12 weeks showed that three concentrations of gel were stable and safety test for gel 0,8% no irritation was found. It?s be concluded that the gel was safe for skin topical."

"Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang gambaran pengetahuan, sikap, persepsi risiko, dan perilaku pencegahan COVID-19 pada mahasiswa S1 Universitas Indonesia angkatan 2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan desain studi cross-sectional. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling yang diikuti sebanyak 118 responden dengan mengisi kuesioner daring menggunakan Google Form. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan responden tentang pencegahan COVID-19 sudah tinggi, tetapi masih rendah mengenai jaga jarak dan kontak erat. Responden pada umumnya memiliki sikap positif dalam mencegah COVID-19, tetapi masih terdapat 28% responden yang takut ketika ingin melakukan tes PCR. Sebagian besar responden mempersepsikan COVID-19 sebagai penyakit yang serius dan khawatir ketika mendengar informasi tentang COVID-19. Responden telah melakukan sebagian besar perilaku pencegahan COVID-19 dengan baik, seperti etika batuk, memakai masker ke luar rumah saat pandemi dan di tempat keramaian, menjaga jarak di tempat keramaian, dan mencuci tangan dengan sabun setelah dari tempat keramaian, sebelum makan, dan sesudah makan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku pencegahan COVID-19. Perlu meningkatkan edukasi atau sosialisasi yang efektif dan konsisten dan menguatkan penerapan perilaku pencegahan yang masih kurang, terutama menjaga jarak dan mencuci tangan dengan sabun minimal 40 detik.

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This research explained about the description of knowledge, attitude, risk perception, and behavior of COVID-19 prevention among undergraduate students of University of Indonesia Batch 2020. This research used the quantitative method with cross-sectional study. Sampling was carried out by purposive sampling technique that were joined by 118 respondents with filling out an online questionnaire based on Google Form. The results showed that the respondent’s knowledge about COVID-19 prevention was high, but still low regarding physical distancing and close contact. In general, respondents have a positive attitude in preventing COVID-19, but there are still 28% who are afraid to do a PCR test. Most of the respondents perceived COVID-19 as a serious disease and were worried when they heard information about COVID-19. Respondents have done most of the prevention of COVID-19 well, such as cough etiquette, wearing masks outside the house during pandemic and in crowded places, maintaining distance in crowded places, and washing hands with soap and after going to crowded places, before and after eating. The results showed that there was no significant association between knowledge, attitude, and behavior of COVID-19 prevention. It is necessary to increase effective and consistent education or socialization and strengthen the implementation of prevention behavior that still lack, especially maintaining distance and washing hands with soap for at least 40 seconds."