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Abstrak :
Indonesia menempati urutan kesembilan dari dua puluh tujuh negara yang memiliki beban MDR (Multi Drug Resistan) TB (Tuberkulosis) di dunia. Kegagalan konversi pada pasien TB paru merupakan salah satu penyebab terjadinya resisten OAT (Obat Anti Tuberkulosis). Pasien TB paru BTA (Basil Tahan Asam) positif kategori I yang mengalami kegagalan konversi di puskesmas wilayah Kota Serang tahun 2014 sebanyak 49 pasien dari 602 pasien TB yang diobati. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kegagalan konversi pasien TB paru BTA positif kategori I dengan menggunakan studi cross sectional. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah regresi logistik terhadap 168 orang pasien TB paru BTA positif kategori I tahun 2014. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa pasien TB paru BTA positif kategori I yang mengalami kegagalan konversi sebanyak 28%. Ada hubungan antara tingkat pendapatan, pengetahuan tentang TB, sikap pasien terhadap pengalaman terkait TB, jarak dan akses ke puskesmas, kondisi lingkungan tempat tinggal, informasi kesehatan dari petugas TB dan efek samping obat terhadap kegagalan konversi pasien TB paru BTA positif kategori I. Faktor yang paling dominan berhubungan adalah informasi kesehatan dari petugas TB (nilai p value = 0,002, OR 33,217, 95% CI 3,600-306,497). Disimpulkan bahwa peran petugas kesehatan sangat berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan pengobatan pasien TB paru. Diperlukan komitmen petugas dalam menjalankan fungsi kesehatan masyarakat di antaranya meningkatkan kemampuan petugas dalam memberikan informasi kesehatan serta menjalin kerjasama dengan pasien dan keluarganya untuk terus memberikan pendampingan dan pemberian motivasi selama pengobatan sehingga mencegah terjadinya kegagalan konversi yang dapat berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan pengobatan.

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Indonesia ranks ninth out of twenty-seven countries which has the burden of MDR (Multi Drug Resistance) TB in the world. The failure of conversion in TB (Tuberculosis) patients was one of the contributing factor to ATD (Anti Tuberculosis Drugs) resistance. Smear positive pulmonary TB patients who have failed first category conversion in Serang City area health centers in 2014 in 49 patients out of 602 treated TB patients. The research aimed to search for factors that connect to abortive attempt in conversion of TB patient with positive lung BTA category 1 by cross sectional study. A statistic test which had been used was binominal logistic regression with TB patient with positive lung AFB (Acid-Fast Bacilli) category 1 as research subject in 2014, with sample of 168 TB patients. The result of the examination showed that TB patients with positive lung BTA category I experienced failure as much as 28%. There were links between level of income, knowledge of TB, and patient?s respond to their experiences, distance and access to local government clinic, condition of residence, health information from TB health workers and side effects of medicine to abortive attempt in conversion of TB patient with positive lung BTA category 1 by cross sectional study. The most dominant factor of all was sanitary information from TB health workesr (p value = 0.002, OR 33.217, 95% CI 3.600-306.497). It was concluded that health workers play an important role to succeed the treatment of TB lung patients. The workers commitment are needed to perform their duty to increase health information and to bond relationship between patients and their family to provide support and motivate during the therapy, thus the failure in conversion could be prevented.

Abstrak :
Konversi pada pengobatan penderita TB paru merupakan tanda keberhasilan pengobatan dan pencegahan penyebaran kuman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh merokok terhadap kegagalan konversi penderita TB Paru. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain kasus kontrol. Kasus adalah penderita yang mengalami kegagalan konversi Sedangkan kontrol adalah penderita yang mengalami konversi. Hasil akhir didapatkan penderita dengan riwayat merokok sebelum pengobatan mendapatkan rasio odds 4,92 kali (CI95% 1,6-14,51) terjadi kegagalan konversi dan penderita yang merokok pada saat pengobatan tuberkulosis mendapatkan rasio odds 13,77 kali (CI 95% 4,6-41,01) terjadi kegagalan konversi setelah dikontrol umur, keteraturan berobat, penyakit diabetes melitus. Maka penderita tuberkulosis perlu berhenti merokok selama pengobatan. ......Conversions is a sign of the success of the treatment and prevention of the spread of germs. This study aimed to determine the effect of smoking on conversion failure patients with pulmonary TB. This study used a case-control design. Cases were patients who experienced failure of conversion while controls were patients who experienced conversion. The final results obtained patients with a history of smoking prior to treatment to get an odds ratio of 4.92 times (CI95% 1.67 to 14.51) conversion failure and patients who smoked at the time of treatment for tuberculosis getting odds ratio 13.77 times (95% CI 4 0.62 to 41, 01) conversion failure after controlling age, regularity of treatment, disease diabetes mellitus. So tuberculosis patients have to stop smoking during tuberculosis treatment.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Program penanggulangan TB nasional menggunakan strategi DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse) telah dilaksanakan sejak tahun 1995. Secara nasional strategi DOTS telah memberikan perubahan meskipun belum secara komprehensif. Kondisi diatas diperparah dengan munculnya masalah baru, diantaranya adalah kejadian TB-HIV. Tipe penderita dan ko-infeksi TB-HIV menjadi faktor risiko terjadinya putus berobat OAT pada penderita TB Paru BTA Positif. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan tipe penderita dan koinfeksi TB-HIV dengan kejadian putus berobat penderita TB Paru BTA positif di Kota Jakarta Timur.

Desain penelitian kasus kontrol, dilakukan pengamatan pada penderita TB Paru BTA positif di Kota Jakarta Timur. Analisis multivariat dengan regresi logistic. Hasil penelitian didapatkan hubungan yang signifikan antara ko-infeksi TB-HIV dengan kejadian putus berobat pada penderita TB Paru BTA positif di Kota Jakarta Timur dengan aOR 19,27 setelah dikontrol jenis kelamin dan status PMO (p value=0,006; 95% CI: 2,36-157,21). Keberadaan infeksi HIV secara bersamaan dengan infeksi TB semakin mengancam kelangsungan hidup sehingga diperlukan terapi yang adekuat untuk mengendalikan virus dan membunuh kuman mycobacterium tuberculosis. Skrining HIV pada penderita TB harus dilakukan secara intensif untuk tata laksana pengobatan yang adekuat melalui program kolaborasi TB-HIV sehingga penderita bisa sembuh dari infeksi TB.

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ABSTRACT
A national TB control program using the DOTS strategy (Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse) has been implemented since 1995. Nationally, the DOTS strategy has provided changes although not yet comprehensively. The above conditions are exacerbated by the emergence of new problem, such as the incidence of TB-HIV. Type of patient and TB-HIV co-infection is a risk factor to default of anti tuberculosis drugs on positive smear pulmonary tuberculosis patient. The purpose research is to know relation between patient type and TBHIV co-infection default of treatment for positive smear pulmonary tuberculosis patients in East Jakarta.

The design of case control research, conducted observation on the patient of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis in East Jakarta. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression.

The result of anti tuberculosis drugs of the research showed significant correlation between TB-HIV co-infection with default with smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patient with aOR 19,27 after controlled sex and drug administer superviser statue (p value = 0,006; 95% CI: 2,36-157.21). The presence of HIV infection simultaneously with TB infection is increasingly threatening survival so that adequate therapy is needed to control the virus and kill the bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis. HIV screening of tuberculosis patients should be intensified for an adequate treatment regimen through a TB-HIV collaboration program so that people can recover from TB infection.

Abstrak :
Tuberculosis paru masih merupakan masalah kesehatan utama di dunia. Sepertiga penduduk dunia telah terinfeksi oleh Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Di tahun 2000 diperkirakan muncul 10,2 juta penderita bare tuberculosis dan 3,5 juta orang meninggal karenanya setiap tahun. WHO menyebutkan bahwa Indonesia merupakan penyumbang TB terbesar ketiga didunia setelah India dan Cina (Depkes R1,2002). Sampai saat ini di seluruh Indonesia pemberantasan penyakit tuberculosis masih jauh dari yang diharapkan_ Peningkatan kasus dan kematian tuberculosis antara lain karena tidak diobati, basil pengobatan yang rendah serta adanya kasus kasus barn. Juga kasus yang tidak sembuh dan kasus kambuh. Oteh karena itu masalah ketidaksembuhan merupakan prioritas yang paling panting untuk diselesaikan. Tujuan .Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan model prediksi ketidaksembuhan penderita tuberculosis paru BTA positif melaiui identifkasi determinan dominan terhadap ketidaksembuhan penderita TB paru BTA positif di kabupaten tangerang. Metode. Desain penelitian studi Iongitudinal telah digunakan pada penderita TB pare BTA (+) dengan faktor karakteristik penderita dan faktor akses Iainnya. Analisis data menggunakan metode regresi logistik ganda untuk memperoleh model paling balk (fit), sederhana (parsimonious), dan tepat (robust) sehingga dapat menggambarkan hubungan variabel dependen dengan satu set variabei independen. Jumiah sample 164 penderita dan 23,2% diantaranya mengalami ketidaksembuhan. Pada penelitian ini juga telah menemukan model prediksi ketidaksembuhan penderita tuberculosis paru BTA Positif. HASIL Analisis regresi logistik ganda menunjukkan ketidaksembuhan penderita TB paru, pekerjaan (faktor karakteristik), jarak dari numb ke puskesmas dan keterjang)Cauan (faktor akses). Dengan jarak sebagai determinan yang paling dominan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa jarak mempunyai OR = 2,71 95%CI :1,21 - 6,07), Keterjangkauan OR = 2,54 (95% CI :1,12-5,76) dan pekerjaan OR x,41 (95%C1: 0,18- 0,92). Kesimpulan. Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa peranan akses yaitu jarak jauh dekat ketempat puskesmas, keterjangkauan dan pekerjaan penderita TB paru BTA Positif mempunyai pengaruh terhadap ketidaksembuhan penderita selama pengobatan.

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Tuberculosis is still a major problem worldwide, one third of the world population are infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the 2000, approximately 10,2 million of new cases are identified and 3,5 million people died because of this disease annually. WHO state that Indonesian is the third country most contribute tuberculosis problem after India and China ( Depkes RI,2002). Up to present the tuberculosis rehabilitation program in Indonesian is still far away from expected outcomes. Increasing morbidity and mortality of tuberculosis because of not treatment patients, cure rate still low, new cases, not recovery patient and relapse. So the problem about not recovery cases to be a priority to solve. The purpose of the study was determining variables influence not recovery cases of tuberculosis patient in Tangerang. Method : the design of this study was longitudinal retrospective with tuberculosis patients as subjects and characteristic, access factors to influence. The data were analyze using the multiple logistic regression in order to find the most proper ( fit), simple (parsimonious) and the right (robust). Model in order to describe the relationship between the outcome variable and one set predictor variables. 164 subjects participated in the study of which 38(23,2%) of the subject are identify as cases not recovery . Based on the findings the study also propose a predicted model of tuberculosis patient not recovery treatment. Result. Multiple logistic regression analysis show that the predictor of the outcome are job, distance and to reach, and distance is the main determinant. The result of this study showed that distance have OR = 2,71 95% CI : 1,21-6,07; to reach have OR =2,54 95% CI: 1,12 - 5,76; Job have OR 0,41 95% CI : 0,18 -- 0,92; Conclusion : this study have conclusion that a distance have a lead of access factors and to reach of the others and job of tuberculosis patient have definitive influence not recovery cases.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
PM2,5 merupakan salah satu indikator adanya pencemaran udara dalam ruang (indoor air pollution). Indonesia termasuk peringkat kelima jumlah kasus TB terbesar di dunia, dan Kota Cirebon merupakan kota dengan angka penemuan kasus TB paru tertinggi di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan PM2,5 di udara ruang dalam rumah dengan kejadian TB paru BTA positif di Kota Cirebon. Disain penelitian ini adalah kasus kontrol. Kriteria kasus adalah penderita baru TB Paru yang berusia minimal 15 tahun dan hasil pemeriksaan sputum positif berdasarkan konfirmasi laboratorium Puskesmas periode November 2014 s/d April 2015 serta bertempat tinggal di Kota Cirebon. Kriteria kontrol adalah tetangga terdekat kasus yang tidak menderita TB paru, tidak memiliki gejala klinis mirip TB paru berdasarkan konfirmasi dari petugas puskesmas setempat, berusia minimal 15 tahun dan bertempat tinggal di Kota Cirebon. Total jumlah sampel adalah 168 responden dengan jumlah kasus adalah 84 responden, dan kontrol 84 responden. Konsentrasi PM2,5 di udara ruang dalam rumah berpengaruh terhadap kejadian TB paru BTA positif di Kota Cirebon (OR 7,034; 95% CI 3,570 ? 13,860). Variabel lainnya yang signifikan adalah jenis kelamin (OR 3,947; 95% CI 2,026- 7,692), lama berada di rumah (OR 2,682; 95% CI 1,430 ? 5,028), jenis bahan bakar memasak (OR 3,260; 95% CI 1,116-9,523), status merokok (OR 3,034; 95% CI 1,446 ? 6,365), jenis atap rumah (OR 3,713; 95% CI 1,945 ? 7,089), dan laju ventilasi kamar (OR 2,493; 95% CI 1,264 ? 4,918). Hasil analisis multivariat dengan regresi logistik menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi PM2,5 dalam rumah berhubungan dengan kejadian TB paru BTA positif (OR adjusted 6,14; 95% CI 2,904-12,975) dikontrol oleh variabel jenis kelamin, jenis atap rumah, dan laju ventilasi kamar. Masih banyak rumah yang belum dilengkapi jendela atau ventilasinya kurang, atap rumah tidak dilengkapi oleh langit-langit, sehingga masih banyak rumah yang tidak memenuhi kriteria rumah sehat. Diperlukan upaya peningkatan pengetahuan dan kesadaran masyarakat tentang kriteria rumah sehat, dan masyarakat agar menjaga pola perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat, termasuk tidak merokok.

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ABSTRACT
PM2,5 is one indicator of indoor air pollution. Indonesia is the fifth largest number of TB cases in the world, and the city of Cirebon is a city with the highest rate of pulmonary TB case detection in West Java province. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between PM2,5 in the indoor air and the incidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB in the city of Cirebon. The design of this study was a case-control. Cases criteria were patients with TB minimum age 15 years old and had positive sputum test confirmed with public health care laboratory test from November 2014 to April 2015 and lived in Cirebon City. Controls criteria were the nearest neighbor not suffering TB and had no clinical symptomps similar to TB confirmed by the local public health centre officials, at least 15 years old and resides in Cirebon city. The total number of samples is 168 respondents by the number of cases is 84 respondents, and 84 control respondents. PM2,5 concentration in the indoor air affected the incidence of smearpositive pulmonary TB in Cirebon city (OR 7.034; 95% CI 3.570 to 13.860). Significant other variables are gender (OR 3.947; 95% CI 2.026 to 7.692), indoorstay period (OR 2.682; 95% CI 1.430 to 5.028), the type of cooking fuel (OR 3.260; 95% CI 1.116 to 9.523), smoking status (OR 3.034; 95% CI 1.446 to 6.365), types of roofs (OR 3.713; 95% CI 1.945 to 7.089), and the ventilation rate of the room (OR 2.493; 95% CI 1.264 to 4.918). Results of multivariate analysis using logistic regression modeling showed that concentrations of PM2,5 in the indoor air associated with the incidence of pulmonary TB smear positive (OR adjusted 6,14; 95% CI 2.904 - 12.975) after being controlled by the variable gender, roof type of the house, and the ventilation rate of the room. There are still many homes are not equipped with a window or a lack of ventilation, the roof of the house is not completed by the ceiling, so there is still a lot of homes that do not meet the criteria for a healthy home. Necessary efforts to increase knowledge and awareness about the criteria of a healthy home, and the community to maintain a clean and healthy lifestyle, including not smoking.;PM2,5 is one indicator of indoor air pollution. Indonesia is the fifth largest number of TB cases in the world, and the city of Cirebon is a city with the highest rate of pulmonary TB case detection in West Java province. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between PM2,5 in the indoor air and the incidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB in the city of Cirebon. The design of this study was a case-control. Cases criteria were patients with TB minimum age 15 years old and had positive sputum test confirmed with public health care laboratory test from November 2014 to April 2015 and lived in Cirebon City. Controls criteria were the nearest neighbor not suffering TB and had no clinical symptomps similar to TB confirmed by the local public health centre officials, at least 15 years old and resides in Cirebon city. The total number of samples is 168 respondents by the number of cases is 84 respondents, and 84 control respondents. PM2,5 concentration in the indoor air affected the incidence of smearpositive pulmonary TB in Cirebon city (OR 7.034; 95% CI 3.570 to 13.860). Significant other variables are gender (OR 3.947; 95% CI 2.026 to 7.692), indoorstay period (OR 2.682; 95% CI 1.430 to 5.028), the type of cooking fuel (OR 3.260; 95% CI 1.116 to 9.523), smoking status (OR 3.034; 95% CI 1.446 to 6.365), types of roofs (OR 3.713; 95% CI 1.945 to 7.089), and the ventilation rate of the room (OR 2.493; 95% CI 1.264 to 4.918). Results of multivariate analysis using logistic regression modeling showed that concentrations of PM2,5 in the indoor air associated with the incidence of pulmonary TB smear positive (OR adjusted 6,14; 95% CI 2.904 - 12.975) after being controlled by the variable gender, roof type of the house, and the ventilation rate of the room. There are still many homes are not equipped with a window or a lack of ventilation, the roof of the house is not completed by the ceiling, so there is still a lot of homes that do not meet the criteria for a healthy home. Necessary efforts to increase knowledge and awareness about the criteria of a healthy home, and the community to maintain a clean and healthy lifestyle, including not smoking., PM2,5 is one indicator of indoor air pollution. Indonesia is the fifth largest number of TB cases in the world, and the city of Cirebon is a city with the highest rate of pulmonary TB case detection in West Java province. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between PM2,5 in the indoor air and the incidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB in the city of Cirebon. The design of this study was a case-control. Cases criteria were patients with TB minimum age 15 years old and had positive sputum test confirmed with public health care laboratory test from November 2014 to April 2015 and lived in Cirebon City. Controls criteria were the nearest neighbor not suffering TB and had no clinical symptomps similar to TB confirmed by the local public health centre officials, at least 15 years old and resides in Cirebon city. The total number of samples is 168 respondents by the number of cases is 84 respondents, and 84 control respondents. PM2,5 concentration in the indoor air affected the incidence of smearpositive pulmonary TB in Cirebon city (OR 7.034; 95% CI 3.570 to 13.860). Significant other variables are gender (OR 3.947; 95% CI 2.026 to 7.692), indoorstay period (OR 2.682; 95% CI 1.430 to 5.028), the type of cooking fuel (OR 3.260; 95% CI 1.116 to 9.523), smoking status (OR 3.034; 95% CI 1.446 to 6.365), types of roofs (OR 3.713; 95% CI 1.945 to 7.089), and the ventilation rate of the room (OR 2.493; 95% CI 1.264 to 4.918). Results of multivariate analysis using logistic regression modeling showed that concentrations of PM2,5 in the indoor air associated with the incidence of pulmonary TB smear positive (OR adjusted 6,14; 95% CI 2.904 - 12.975) after being controlled by the variable gender, roof type of the house, and the ventilation rate of the room. There are still many homes are not equipped with a window or a lack of ventilation, the roof of the house is not completed by the ceiling, so there is still a lot of homes that do not meet the criteria for a healthy home. Necessary efforts to increase knowledge and awareness about the criteria of a healthy home, and the community to maintain a clean and healthy lifestyle, including not smoking.]

Abstrak :
MPHTB merupakan masalah darurat global karena menyebabkan lebih banyak kematian dibandingkan penyakit menular lainnya. Berdasarkan WHO Global Tuberculosis 2016 menyatakan bahwa Indonesia dengan jumlah penduduk 254.831.222, menempati posisi kedua dengan beban TB tertinggi didunia.Timbulnya penyakit tuberculosis TBC di masyarakat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor resiko determinan, salah satunya kurangnya sinar matahari masuk kedalam rumah. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan antara pencahayaan alami dalam rumah dengan kejadian TB paru BTA positif pada usia ge;15 tahun keatas di Kota Solok Sumatera Barat pada tahun 2017. Desain Penelitian ini adalah case control dengan melakukan wawancara, obeservasi dan pengukuran terhadap pencahayaan dan kelembaban. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan April s/d Mei 2018. Hasil Peneilitian ini Pencahayaan yang dalam rumahyang < 60 lux beresiko terkena TB Parur 3,732 kali 95 CI 1,584-8,793 setelah di kontrol oleh variabel Kepadatan Hunian dan Status Gizi. ......MPH Tuberculosis is a global emergency issue because it causes more deaths than other infectious diseases. According to WHO Global Tuberculosis 2016 states that Indonesia with a population of 254,831,222, occupies the second position with the highest burden of TB in the world. The incidence of tuberculosis TB in the community is influenced by several determinant risk factors, one of which is the lack of sunlight into the house. The purpose of this research is to know the relationship between natural light in the house with the incidence of positive smear pulmonary tuberculosis at age ge 15 years and above in Solok city of West Sumatera in 2017. Design This research is case control by conducting interview, obeservasi and measurement to lighting and humidity. This study was conducted from April to May 2018. The results of this study The in house lightings

Abstrak :
Tuberkulosis paru adalah penyakit menular penyebab utama dari gangguan kesehatan yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis dan dapat disebarkan dari satu orang ke orang lain terutama melalui transmisi udara. Mycobacterium tuberculosis dapat tetap melayang di udara selama beberapa jam bergantung pada kondisi lingkungan. Berbagai faktor dapat mempengaruhi tingginya kasus tuberkulosis paru salah satunya adalah faktor lingkungan. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi ekologi yang bertujuan untuk mencari korelasi spasial antara ketinggian wilayah, kepadatan penduduk, dan cakupan rumah sehat dengan proporsi TB paru basil tahan asam (BTA) positif di Kota Semarang, Kota Ungaran dan Kota Magelang 2016-2018. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kota Semarang, Kota Ungaran dan Kota Magelang dengan menggunakan data sekunder dari Dinas Kesehatan, Badan Pusat Statistik dan Badan Informasi Geospasial dari tahun 2016-2018. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Mei-Juni 2021. Selanjutnya untuk analsis statistik data dilakukan uji korelasi Spearman untuk uji bivariat dan analisis spasial menggunakan teknik overlay. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat korelasi antara variabel ketinggian wilayah dengan proporsi kasus TB paru BTA positif di Kota Semarang, Kota Ungaran dan Kota Magelang. Semakin rendah ketinggian wilayah semakin tinggi proporsi TB paru BTA positif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan terdapat korelasi kepadatan penduduk dengan proporsi TB paru BTA positif di Kota Semarang. Semakin tinggi kepadatan penduduk maka semakin tinggi proporsi TB paru BTA positif. Disarankan dengan dataran yang lebih rendah dapat lebih fokus dalam melakukan upaya preventif dan promotif TB paru kepada masyarakat melalui kegiatan penyuluhan atau media promosi kesehatan lainnya dan bagi pemerintah perlu berkomitmen serta kerja sama dengan pihak-pihak terkait dalam penanganan masalah kemiskinan dan kepadatan penduduk dalam rangka penanggulangan TB paru. ......Pulmonary tuberculosis is a major infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can be spread from one person to another mainly through air transmission. Mycobacterium tuberculosis can remain floating in the air for several hours depending on environmental conditions. Various factors can affect the high cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, one of which is environmental factors. This study uses an ecological study that aims to find spatial correlation between area height, population density, and healthy home coverage with a positive acid-fast bacillus pulmonary tuberculosis in Semarang, Ungaran and Magelang cities 2016-2018. This study was conducted in Semarang City, Ungaran City and Magelang City using secondary data from the Health Office, Central Statistics Agency and Geospatial Information Agency from 2016-2018. The results of this study showed that there is a correlation between the variable altitude and the positive acid-fast bacillus pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Semarang, Ungaran and Magelang. The lower the altitude the higher the positive acid-fast bacillus pulmonary tuberculosis. The results showed that there is a correlation of population density with the positive acid-fast bacillus pulmonary tuberculosis in Semarang City. The higher the population density, the higher the proportion of sputum smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis. It is recommended that the lower ground can focus more on preventing and promoting pulmonary tuberculosis to the community through counseling activities or other health promotion media and for the government needs to commit and cooperate with relevant parties in handling poverty and population density issues in order to combat pulmonary TB.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Tuberkulosis (TB) masih merupakan masalah kesehatan yang serius terutama di negara berkembang, termasuk Indonesia. Kondisi di Provinsi Jambi dalam 3 tahun terakhir terjadi peningkatan jumlah kasus TB paru BTA positif. Diduga terdapat faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian kasus TB paru BTA positif di Provinsi Jambi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi daerah kerawanan kasus TB paru BTA positif di Provinsi Jambi tahun 2013. Desain studi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah desain studi ekologi dengan uji statistik korelasi dan pendekatan analisis spasial. Hasil analisis bivariat yang terbukti berhubungan dan mempunyai korelasi positif dengan kasus TB paru BTA positif adalah ; keluarga miskin (r=0,716 ; p=0,013), fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan mikroskopis (r=0,637 ; p=0,035), dan tenaga kesehatan terlatih (r=0,758 ; p=0,007). Daerah dengan beresiko tinggi terhadap TB adalah Kabupaten Sarolangun. Rekomendasi : prioritas pembiayaan dalam rangka pengendalian TB dilakukan pada daerah dengan tingkat kerawanan tinggi, perlu ditingkatkan jumlah fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan mikroskopis, dan peningkatan kualitas dan kuantitas tenaga kesehatan terlatih terutama pada daerah dengan tingkat kerawanan tinggi maupun sedang, serta perlu penelitian analisis spasial lebih lanjut di Kabupaten Sarolangun ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious health problem, especially in developing countries, including Indonesia. Conditions in Jambi Province in the last 3 years an increasing number of cases of BTA positive pulmonary TB . Allegedly there are factors associated with the incidence of BTA positive pulmonary TB cases in the province of Jambi . The purpose of this study was to identify areas of vulnerability BTA positive pulmonary TB cases in Jambi Province in 2013. The study design used in this research is the design of ecological studies with statistical tests of correlation and spatial analysis approach. The results of the bivariate analysis were shown to be associated and have a positive correlation with BTA positive pulmonary TB cases are ; poor (r = 0.716 ; p = 0.013), health care facilities microscopic (r = 0.637 ; p = 0.035), and skilled health personnel (r = 0.758 ; p = 0.007). Areas with high risk of TB is Sarolangun. Recommendation : priority problems of financing in the context of TB control is done in areas with high levels of insecurity, increased the number of health care facilities microscopic, and improving the quality and quantity of trained health workers, especially in areas with high or medium levels of vulnerability, as well as the need to further study the spatial analysis in Sarolangun.;Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious health problem, especially in developing countries, including Indonesia. Conditions in Jambi Province in the last 3 years an increasing number of cases of BTA positive pulmonary TB . Allegedly there are factors associated with the incidence of BTA positive pulmonary TB cases in the province of Jambi . The purpose of this study was to identify areas of vulnerability BTA positive pulmonary TB cases in Jambi Province in 2013. The study design used in this research is the design of ecological studies with statistical tests of correlation and spatial analysis approach. The results of the bivariate analysis were shown to be associated and have a positive correlation with BTA positive pulmonary TB cases are ; poor (r = 0.716 ; p = 0.013), health care facilities microscopic (r = 0.637 ; p = 0.035), and skilled health personnel (r = 0.758 ; p = 0.007). Areas with high risk of TB is Sarolangun. Recommendation : priority problems of financing in the context of TB control is done in areas with high levels of insecurity, increased the number of health care facilities microscopic, and improving the quality and quantity of trained health workers, especially in areas with high or medium levels of vulnerability, as well as the need to further study the spatial analysis in Sarolangun., Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious health problem, especially in developing countries, including Indonesia. Conditions in Jambi Province in the last 3 years an increasing number of cases of BTA positive pulmonary TB . Allegedly there are factors associated with the incidence of BTA positive pulmonary TB cases in the province of Jambi . The purpose of this study was to identify areas of vulnerability BTA positive pulmonary TB cases in Jambi Province in 2013. The study design used in this research is the design of ecological studies with statistical tests of correlation and spatial analysis approach. The results of the bivariate analysis were shown to be associated and have a positive correlation with BTA positive pulmonary TB cases are ; poor (r = 0.716 ; p = 0.013), health care facilities microscopic (r = 0.637 ; p = 0.035), and skilled health personnel (r = 0.758 ; p = 0.007). Areas with high risk of TB is Sarolangun. Recommendation : priority problems of financing in the context of TB control is done in areas with high levels of insecurity, increased the number of health care facilities microscopic, and improving the quality and quantity of trained health workers, especially in areas with high or medium levels of vulnerability, as well as the need to further study the spatial analysis in Sarolangun.]

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan indeks massa tubuh (IMT) dengan konversi sputum pada pasien TB paru BTA positif. Studi dilakukan pada Desember 2013 – Januari 2014 di poli paru RSUP Persahabatan. Desain studi yang digunakan adalah desain studi kohort retrospektif. Jumlah sampel pada studi ini adalah 120 pasien, 60 pasien dengan IMT < 18,5 kg/m2 dan 60 pasien dengan IMT ≥ 18,5 kg/m2. Sampel diambil secara konsekutif. Dari studi ini, diketahui bahwa probabilitas kumulatif gagal konversi pasien TB paru sebesar 17,0% dan sebanyak 9,2% pasien TB paru mengalami gagal konversi. Probabilitas kumulatif gagal konversi pada pasien TB paru BTA positif dengan IMT < 18,5 kg/m2 (24,4%) lebih besar dibanding pasien dengan IMT ≥ 18,5 kg/m2 (9,3%). Di antara pasien dengan IMT < 18,5 kg/m2, hazard rate konversi sputum akan semakin rendah jika peningkatan berat badan yang dialami pasien di akhir tahap intensif < 1 kg dibandingkan dengan pasien yang mengalami peningkatan berat badan ≥ 1 kg. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa indeks massa tubuh < 18,5 kg/m2 menurunkan peluang terjadinya konversi sebesar 37,8% (HR 0,622; 95% CI 0,389-0,995) setelah dikontrol oleh kategori pengobatan, peningkatan berat badan di akhir tahap intensif, dan hasil sputum di awal pengobatan. Status gizi pasien selama masa pengobatan perlu ditingkatkan untuk menunjang keberhasilan pengobatan.

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ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to identify the association of body mass index (BMI) with sputum smear conversion among AFB positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients. This study was conducted from Desember 2013 to Januari 2014 at pulmonary ward RSUP Persahabatan. The design study was retrospective cohort. A total of 120 patients consecutively enrolled in this study, 60 patients having BMI < 18,5 kg/m2 and 60 patients having BMI ≥ 18,5 kg/m2. The cumulative probability of failed conversion among AFB positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients was 17,0% and 9,2% patients failed to have sputum conversion. The cumulative probability of failed conversion among patients having BMI < 18,5 kg/m2 (24,4%) was higher than patients having BMI ≥ 18,5 kg/m2 (9,3%). Among BMI < 18,5 kg/m2 patients, hazard rate of sputum conversion would be lower if their weight gain at the end of intensive phase < 1 kg than having weight gain ≥ 1 kg. Multivariat analysis found that BMI < 18,5 kg/m2 reduced the probability of sputum conversion up to 37,8% (HR 0,622; 95% CI 0,389-0,995) after controlled by treatment category, weight gain at the end of intensive phase, and initial sputum. Nutritional status of TB patients during treatment must be increased to support the successful treatment.