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"ABSTRAKThe personal scope of employment law is the subject of much ongoing debate. Arguing that an exclusively contractual analysis of this domain is unsatisfactory, the author constructs a European-based empirical typology distinguishing the personal work relations of standard "employees", public officials, "liberal professions", individual entrepreneurial workers, marginal workers, and labour market entrants. These categories and their inter-relationships are then analysed dynamically in terms of "personal work nexuses" - a concept encompassing complex legal ramifications beyond the contractual framework. The conclusions highlight the value of this analytical approach to recent efforts by the ILO and the European Commission to "modernize" labour law."

"Having been a secular republic, Turkey has participated in the formation of Western Alliance institutions such as OECD, NATO, Council of Europe and the EU. Turkey integration with the ELI started ? 1th EEC when Turkey and the EEC has signed an Ankara Agreement in 1963. Further economic integration has evolved ever since, culminating in the Turkey's application for fill! membership. The candidacy was recognized officially in 1999 and despite controversy, Turkey believed becoming EU full membership will be a win-win situation for both parties."

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"Dengan tidak adanya kepastian hukum normatif mengenai langkah-langkah standar yang diperlukan untuk melakukan prosedur benchmarking, maka setiap perusahaan konsultan pajak, selaku kuasa Wajib Pajak harus menyesuaikan kriteria dalam menyaring pihak ketiga secara individual. OECD Guidelines, bersama dengan ketentuan undang-undang perpajakan yang berlaku, hanya memberikan panduan untuk memastikan agar kriteria yagn digunakan tidak bias. Laporan ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi prosedur benchmarking yang dilakukan oleh KKP Indonesia untuk PT ABC sebagai perusahaan distributor penuh. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan membandingkan penerapan prosedur benchmarking dengan peraturan dan pedoman perpajakan yang berlaku. Berdasarkan evaluasi, diperoleh hasil bahwa KKP Indonesia telah memilih pendekatan dan telah mengembangkan kriteria yang dapat diulangi selama pemeriksaan pajak, sehingga mengurangi potensi risiko bias dalam melakukan prosedur benchmarking.

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In the absence of normative legal certainty regarding the standardized steps required to conduct the benchmarking procedure, each tax consulting firm, as the taxpayers' proxy, must tailor the criteria in screening third-party comparables individually. The OECD Guidelines, along with the provision of the prevailing tax laws, only provide several approaches and indicators to ensure that developed criteria are less susceptible to "cherrypicking". This report aims to evaluate the benchmarking procedure carried out by KKP Indonesia for PT ABC as a fully-fledged distributor company. The evaluation is carried out by comparing the implementation of the benchmarking procedure with the applicable tax regulations and guidelines. Based on the evaluation, the results show that KKP Indonesia has chosen the approach and has developed criteria that can be repeated during a tax audit, reducing the potential risk of bias in conducting benchmarking procedures."

"Laporan magang ini bertujuan untuk membahas mengenai evaluasi prosedur penilaian praktik tata kelola perusahaan di PT NM yang dilakukan oleh RHN Indonesia selaku pihak independen berdasarkan kriteria ASEAN Corporate Governance Scorecard (ACGS). ACGS merupakan salah satu standar penilaian penerapan tata kelola perusahaan yang tolak ukur utamanya berasal dari prinsip-prinsip yang dikeluarkan oleh the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Tugas-tugas penilaian praktik tata kelola perusahaan yang dilakukan selama magang diantaranya melakukan kajian atas kerangka penilaian yang digunakan, mempersiapkan dan mengisi kertas kerja ACGS beserta Summary Gap, dan berpartisipasi dalam penyusunan beberapa bagian Corporate Governance Statement (CGS). Hal-hal yang menjadi bahan evaluasi dalam laporan magang ini mencakup prosedur persiapan dan pengisian kertas kerja utama dan kertas kerja Summary Gap, dan penyusunan Corporate Governance Statement (CGS). Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi, prosedur penilaian oleh RHN Indonesia telah sesuai dengan metodologi penilaian ACGS. Laporan ini juga mencakup refleksi diri penulis atas kegiatan magang yang dijalankan di RHN Indonesia. Dari kegiatan magang ini, penulis menemukan beberapa kelebihan dan kekurangan yang dimiliki, penulis juga merasakan perubahan yang positif akibat dari kegiatan magang ini. Kelebihan dan hal-hal positif lainnya akan penulis tingkatkan nantinya, sedangkan untuk kekurangan dan hal-hal negatif maka akan penulis usahakan perbaikannya. Kegiatan magang ini juga membantu penulis dalam menemukan jalan karier yang akan dituju, penulis berkeinginan untuk melanjutkan karier di bidang tata kelola perusahaan dan berharap dapat menjadi seorang konsultan yang kompeten dalam bidang ini.

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This internship report aims to discuss the evaluation of procedures for assessing corporate governance practices at PT NM carried out by RHN Indonesia as an independent party based on the ASEAN Corporate Governance Scorecard (ACGS) criteria. ACGS is one of the standards for assessing the implementation of corporate governance whose main benchmark comes from the principles issued by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Tasks for assessing corporate governance practices carried out during the internship include conducting a review of the assessment framework used, preparing and filling out ACGS working papers along with Gap Summary, and participating in the preparation of several parts of the Corporate Governance Statement (CGS). Matters that are used as evaluation material in this internship report include procedures for preparing and filling in the main working paper and Summary Gap working paper, and preparing a Corporate Governance Statement (CGS). Based on the evaluation results, the assessment procedures by RHN Indonesia are in accordance with the ACGS assessment methodology. This report also includes the author's self-reflection on the internship activities carried out at RHN Indonesia. From this internship activity, the author discovered several advantages and disadvantages, the author also felt positive changes as a result of this internship activity. The author will improve the advantages and other positive things later, while for the shortcomings and negative things the writer will try to improve them. This internship activity also helps the author find his career path. The author wishes to continue his career in the field of corporate governance and hopes to become a competent consultant in this field."

"Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis interpretasi konsep beneficial owner yang digunakan dalam kasus hasil putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor 133/B/PK/PJK/2017 antara PT PLN dan DJP serta melihat implikasinya terhadap kepastian pendanaan Perusahaan melalui Penerbitan global Bond. Perbedaan interpretasi ini menimbulkan banyak kasus yang sering dibawa ke pengadilan pajak. Dari beberapa kasus yang terjadi dapat dilihat ada kecenderungan Perusahaan membentuk SPV di luar negeri untuk menerbitkan global Bond. Metode yang dilakukan dalam penelitian adalah pendekatan studi kasus. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif method dengan menggunakan berbagai sumber data dalam sebuah penelitian (data triangulation). Data yang dikumpulkan adalah data primer yaitu hasil wawancara dengan narasumber dari PT PLN dan data sekunder yaitu commentary OECD, jurnal-jurnal, peraturan, hasil putusan, pembahasan tentang kasus sejenis.Dari hasil analisi yang telah dilakukan terhadap Hasil putusan dan peraturan tentang beneficial owner di Indonesia dinyatakan dalam PER-10/PJ/2017, hal yang menjadi penyebab perbedaan interpretasi tentang beneficial owner adalah kurangnya pembuktian dari wajib pajak tentang fakta sebenarnya terkait entitas yang disebut SPV tersebut. Perlu adanya penambahan lampiran dalam peraturan perpajakan Indonesia yaitu permintaan dokumen-dokumen yang dapat membuktikan bahwa entitas tersebut merupakan benefial owner sebenarnya. Suatu Entitas dapat dibuktikan sebagai beneficial owner apabila telah memenuhi persyaratan yang ada dalam commentary OECD tentang Limitation on Benefit.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the beneficial owner concept interpretation used in the case of the decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 133/B/PK/PJK/2017 between PT PLN and DGT and see the implications for the Companys funding certainty through Global Bond Issuance. This difference in interpretation raises many cases that are often brought to the tax court. From several cases that occur, it can be seen that there is a tendency for the Company to form SPVs abroad to issue global bonds.

The method used in the study is a case study approach. The research design used is a qualitative method using various data sources in a study (data triangulation). The data collected are primary data, namely the results of interviews with informants from PT PLN and secondary data, namely OECD comments, journals, regulations, the results of decisions, discussions about similar cases.

From the results of the analysis carried out on the results of the decision and the rules on the beneficial owner in Indonesia stated in PER-10/PJ/2017, the cause of the difference in interpretation of the beneficial owner is the lack of evidence from the taxpayer about the actual facts related to the entity called SPV . It is necessary to add an attachment to the Indonesian tax regulation, namely the request for documents that can prove that the entity is the actual beneficial owner. An Entity can be proven as a beneficial owner if it has fulfilled the requirements contained in the OECD commentary about Limitation on Benefit."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis konsep beneficial owner dalam perjanjian penghindaran pajak berganda OECD Model yang menjadi pokok permasalahan dalam sengketa pajak sehubungan aplikasi tax treaty pasal 10,11,12. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif. Penulis menggunakan situasi fakta sengketa pajak, jurnal ilmiah dan OECD Model serta Commentary-nyauntuk mendapatkan solusi permasalahan. Hasil pengkajian menunjukan bahwa beneficial owner tidak lagi diinterpretasikan secara teknis dibawah hukum domestik negara yang mengadakan perjanjian (tax treaty), namun harus diartikan dibawah pengertian internasional, salah satunya melalui OECD Commentary. Di bawah pengertian internasional sesuai OECD Commentary, beneficial owner merupakan isu legal. Selama pihak penerima penghasilan memiliki wewenang untuk menggunakan dan menikmati penghasilan tanpa dibatasi secara kontrak untuk meneruskan secara langsung kepada pihak lain, maka pihak tersebut adalah beneficial owner.Konsep beneficial owner ditujukan untuk menentukan pihak yang berhak mengaplikasikan treaty dan tidak digeneralisasi sebagai anti avoidance rule yang dapat menyebabkan perluasaan makna konsep ini dan menimbulkan ketidakpastian. Secara substansi, konsepbeneficial owner tidak mengalami perubahan yang signifikan. Perubahan terletak dari penyusunan kata dan penambahan beberapa kriteria untuk melengkapi konsep beneficial owner secara komprehensif dengan tujuan agar diadakannya tax treaty yaitu mencegah pengenaan pajak berganda dapat tercapai.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the concept of beneficial owner in the tax treaty OECD Model which is an issue of tax disputes application article 10,11,12. This study uses a descriptive analysis method. The author uses the fact situation, journal and the OECD Model with its commentary to solve the problem. The result show that the beneficial owner is no longer technically be interpreted under the domestic law of the country which has an agreement (tax treaty), but must be interpreted under international understanding, such as through OECD Commentary. Under international meaning according the OECD Commentary, the beneficial owner is a legal issue. As long as the income beneficiary has the authority to use and enjoy the income without a limited contract to pass directly to another person, that party is the beneficial owner. The concept of beneficial owner is intended to determine which person has the right to apply the treaty and not generalized as an anti-avoidance rule that could lead to expansion of the meaning of this concept and create uncertainty. In substance, the concept of beneficial owner does not change significantly. The change is from the addition of several criteria to complete a comprehensive concept of beneficial owner in order to prevent double taxation."

"Pemerintah Indonesia membutuhkan pendapatan negara untuk membiayai pengeluaran rutin negara, menjalankan kegiatan pemerintahan, dan melanjutkan pembangunan. Dalam lima tahun terakhir, pendapatan negara didominasi penerimaan perpajakan (76,96%-78,99%) yang dikumpulkan oleh DJBC dan DJP serta PNBP yang dikelola oleh DJA (20,96%-21,06%). Di sisi lain, pencapaian target penerimaan negara ini terus meningkat tiap tahunnya dan dihadapkan dengan tantangan tax avoidance yang masih berlangsung. Oleh karenanya, sinergi antara DJBC, DJP dan DJA menjadi penting. Salah satu jenis sinergi ketiga otoritas dalam mengoptimalkan penerimaan negara adalah Program Joint Analysis. Studi ini bertujuan untuk melakukan evaluasi Program Joint Analysis secara umum berdasarkan Evaluation Criteria OECD (2021) yaitu Relevansi, Koherensi, Efektivitas, Efisiensi, Dampak dan Keberlanjutan. Sebelum melakukan evaluasi, penulis akan menganalisis implementasi Program Joint Analysis berdasarkan KMK Nomor 210/KMK.01/2021 s.t.d.t.d. KMK Nomor 570/KMK.01/2023. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Analisis Dokumen dilakukan atas dokumen berupa peraturan, Laporan Kegiatan, Hasil Rapat, Kontrak Kinerja dan dokumen terkait lainnya. Wawancara dilakukan kepada narasumber dari DJBC, DJP, DJA dan ekspertis. Triangulasi dilakukan untuk mengkonfirmasi antara tinjauan literatur, analisis dokumen, serta wawancara yang dilakukan. Hasil studi menyimpulkan bahwa Joint Analysis. Pada bagian Evaluasi Program, tidak ada Kriteria yg seluruh indikatornya terpenuhi sehingga terdapat ruang untuk perbaikan. Namun, kriteria yang menemui banyak kendala adalah Koherensi, Efisiensi dan Dampak. Beberapa indikator yang kurang/tidak terpenuhi yaitu kurangnya pertimbangan atas kelayakan sumber daya pada ketiga UE1 saat desain Joint Analysis dibuat; kurangnya keselarasan unit pusat dan vertikal serta banyaknya perbedaan proses bisnis pada DJBC, DJP dan DJA; adanya pemilihan obyek analisis yang kurang tepat; kurangnya efisiensi atas ketepatan waktu dalam melakukan tindak lanjut hasil analisis; adanya dampak negatif dari Program Joint Analysis serta ketidakpastian atas peningkatan tambahan penerimaan dari Joint Analysis. Selain itu, ditemukan kendala mengenai kapasitas organisasi dan SDM yang terbatas di DJA serta belum adanya mandat, anggaran dan keterbatasan SDM di Unit Vertikal. Temuan-temuan ini menjelaskan kompleksitas Program Joint Analysis dan menekankan perlunya strategi untuk mengatasi hambatan yang ada.

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The Indonesian government needs state revenue to finance routine state expenditures, run government activities, and continue development. In the last five years, state revenue has been dominated by tax revenue (76.96% - 78.99%) collected by DGCE and DGT and PNBP managed by DGB (20.96% - 21.06%). On the other hand, the achievement of this state revenue target continues to increase every year and is faced with ongoing tax avoidance challenges. Therefore, the synergy between DGCE, DGT, and DGB is imperative. One type of synergy between the three authorities in optimizing state revenue is the Joint Analysis Program. This study aims to evaluate the Joint Analysis Program in general based on the OECD Evaluation Criteria (2021), namely Relevance, Coherence, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Impact and Sustainability. Before conducting the evaluation, the author will analyze the implementation of the Joint Analysis Program based on KMK Number 210/KMK.01/2021 to KMK Number 570/KMK.01/2023. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. Document analysis was conducted on regulations, Activity Reports, Meeting Results, Performance Contracts, and other related documents. Interviews were conducted with key personnel from DGCE, DGT, DGB, and experts. Triangulation was undertaken to confirm between the document analysis, literature review and the interviews. The study concluded that there were obstacles in Data Exchange Activity and Joint Analysis Implementation. In the Program Evaluation section, no criteria for which all indicators are met are listed, so there is room for improvement. However, the criteria that encountered many problems were Coherence, Efficiency, and Impact. Some indicators that are not met are the lack of consideration on the feasibility of resources in the three Echelon One Unit when the Joint Analysis design is made, the lack of alignment of central and vertical units, and the many differences in business processes in DGCE, DGT and DGB; the selection of inappropriate analysis objects; the lack of efficiency on the timeliness of following up the analysis results; the negative impact or risk of the Joint Analysis Program and the uncertainty over the additional increase in revenue from Joint Analysis. In addition, there are constraints regarding limited organizational capacity and human resources at the DGB and the absence of mandates, budgets, and limited human resources in Vertical Units. These findings shed light on the complexity of the Joint Analysis Program and highlight the need for a tailored strategy to overcome the obstacles."