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Abstrak :
Obesitas anak meningkat dua kali lipat dalam 20 tahun terakhir dan terjadi pada negara berkembang seperti Indonesia Pengaruh pengetahuan gizi terhadap asupan remaja masih dalam perdebatan Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelusuri hubungan tingkat pengetahuan gizi dengan asupan energi dan makronutrien Pengambilan data berlangsung pada Februari hingga April 2012 pada salah satu fakultas kedokteran di Jakarta Seluruh mahasiswa berusia 15 18 tahun diikutsertakan dalam penelitian potong lintang ini Pengetahuan gizi diukur melalui kuesioner isian Asupan energi dan makronutrien ditelusuri melalui wawancara gizi dengan panduan kuesioner FFQ Sebanyak 75 subyek ikut serta dalam penelitian dengan 62 di antaranya memiliki tingkat pengetahuan gizi sedang dengan rerata skor 21 00 12 00 27 00 Konsumsi rerata energi karbohidrat protein dan lemak harian responden adalah 2443 60 761 30 ndash 5109 00 kkal 316 10 106 50 ndash 734 20 gram 88 89 37 02 gram dan 82 00 14 80 211 30 gram Proporsi karbohidrat protein dan lemak pada responden adalah 53 97 9 31 13 31 7 67 ndash 22 45 dan 31 95 12 59 ndash 53 47 Laki laki mengonsumsi total energi dan makronutrien yang lebih tinggi tetapi komposisi yang serupa dengan perempuan Tidak ada hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan gizi dengan asupan energi p 0 415 jumlah dan komposisi karbohidrat p 0 715 p 0 323 protein p 0 634 p 0 387 serta lemak p 0 116 p 0 398 Oleh karena itu peningkatan pengetahuan gizi tidak berhubungan dengan asupan energi dan makronutrien yang lebih baik. ...... Adolescent's obesity increased two times in recent two decades and existed in developing countries like Indonesia Effect of nutrition knowledge on nutrition intake is still debated We investigated the relationship between nutrient knowledge levels and energy and macronutrient intake Data was collected from February to April 2012 at a medical school in Jakarta All students aged 15 to 18 years old enrolled in this cross sectional study Nutrition knowledge was assessed by open ended questions Energy and macronutrient intake was estimated by guidance of FFQ in the interview Among 75 subjects out of 62 students scored lsquo average'in nutrition knowledge with mean of 21 00 12 00 27 00 Mean consumption of energy carbohydrate protein and fat were 2443 60 761 30 ndash 5109 00 kcal 316 10 106 50 ndash 734 20 grams 88 89 37 02 grams and 82 00 14 80 ndash 211 30 grams respectively Proportion of carbohydrate protein and fat in the diet were 53 97 9 31 13 31 7 67 ndash 22 45 and 31 95 12 59 ndash 53 47 Males consumed higher energy and macronutrients intake but had similar diet composition There were no significant correlations between nutrition knowledge levels and energy intake p 0 415 number and composition of carbohydrate p 0 715 p 0 323 protein p 0 634 p 0 387 and fat p 0 116 p 0 398 intake Therefore better nutrition knowledge did not correspond to better energy and macronutrient intake.

Abstrak :
Pola asupan makanan yang tidak seimbang banyak dijalani kaum remaja saat ini. Hal tersebut menyebabkan ancaman status gizi berlebih semakin mengintai para remaja. Status gizi remaja dapat tercermin melalui pengukuran Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT). Tujuan penelitian ini ialah mengetahui hubungan antara asupan energi dan komposisi makronutrien dengan IMT pada remaja usia 15-18 tahun. Penelitian menggunakan desain penelitian potong lintang analitik. Pengambilan data dilaksanakan di Jakarta terhadap 75 mahasiswa kedokteran, laki-laki (n=31) dan perempuan (n=44), tingkat 1 tahun 2012 yang diminta untuk menjawab wawancara mengenai asupan hariannya memakai kuisioner Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) semikuantitatif dan menjalani pemeriksaan fisik, berupa tinggi dan berat badan. Dari penelitian ini, hasilnya, yakni sebaran subjek berdasarkan asupan energi , yaitu kurang (24%), cukup (30,7%), lebih (45,3%). Untuk asupan karbohidrat ialah kurang (10,7%), cukup (77,3%), dan lebih (12%). Sementara itu, asupan lemak yang kurang ada 24%, cukup sebanyak 44%, dan lebih sebesar 32%. Terakhir, sebaran subjek berdasarkan asupan protein, yakni kurang (1,3%) dan cukup (98,7%). Tidak ada responden yang asupan proteinnya lebih. Distribusi subjek berdasarkan IMT, yaitu pada laki-laki 9,7% kurang, 61,3% normal, dan 29% lebih sedangkan pada perempuan 90,9% normal dan 9,1% lebih. Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini ialah tidak terdapat adanya hubungan (p>0,05) antara asupan energi dan komposisi makronutrien dengan IMT pada remaja usia 15-18 tahun. ......Unbalance pattern of food intake become trend for many young people at this time. This causes overweight and obesity risk threaten the teens. Adolescent nutritonal status can be defined by Body Mass Index (BMI) measurement. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between energy intake and macronutrient composition with BMI in adolescents aged 15-18 years old. Study used cross-sectional analytical study design. Data collection was conducted in Jakarta on 75 first grade medical students, boys (n=31) and girls (n=41), in 2012 who were asked to answer the interview about her daily intake using Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) semiquantitative and underwent a physical examination, such as height and weight. The results from this study were the respondent distributions of energy intake were less (24%), adequate (30,7%), over normal (45,3%). For carbohydrate intake were less (10,7%), adequate (77,3%), and over normal (12%). Meanwhile, there were 24% respondents with less intake of fat, 44% adequate. and 32% over normal. Last, the distributions of protein intake were less (1,3%) and adequate (98,7%). No respondent with over normal protein intake. Subject distributions of BMI, were in boys 9,7% less, 61,3% normal, and 29% over normal while in girls, 90,9% normal and 9,1% over normal. The conclusion of this study is there is no relationship (p>0,05) between energy intake and macronutrient composition with BMI in adolescents aged 15-18 years old.

Abstrak :
Asupan makanan berlebih dan rendahnya aktivitas fisik adalah dua faktor risiko obesitas pada remaja. Kurangnya pemahaman akan hubungan antarfaktor risiko ini membuat obesitas remaja sulit ditangani dan cenderung berlanjut ke usia dewasa. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara tingkat aktivitas fisik (physical activity level/PAL) dengan asupan energi dan makronutrien. Penelitian dilakukan di salah satu fakultas kedokteran di Jakarta dalam periode Juni 2011-Juni 2013, dengan metode total sampling pada populasi mahasiswa berusia 15-18 tahun. Data asupan energi dan makronutrien dari sampel yang terdiri atas laki-laki (n=30) dan perempuan (n=43), dinilai menggunakan Food-Frequency Questionnaire semikuantitatif, sedangkan PAL dengan Bouchard three-days physical activity record. Dengan uji one-way anova, terdapat hubungan antara PAL dengan asupan energi dan lemak (p=0,025 dan 0,019), sedangkan asupan karbohidrat dan protein sebaliknya. Dengan analisis post-hoc LSD, perbedaan bermakna terdapat pada PAL sedang dan tinggi (asupan energi p=0,007; lemak p=0,005), sedangkan rata-rata asupan energi dan makronutrien tetap tinggi pada PAL rendah. Disimpulkan bahwa peningkatan keluaran energi total akan meningkatkan asupan energi, sedangkan PAL rendah tidak akan mengubah kebutuhan energi individual.

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Excessive nutrient intake and low physical activity are two obesity risk factors in adolescent. Lack of understanding in relationship amongst these risk factors has made adolescent obesity become health problems and tends to progress into adulthood. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity level (PAL) with energy and macronutrient intake. Study was held in one of medical school in Jakarta from June 2011-June 2013, with total sampling on medical students aged 15-18. Energy and macronutrient intake from boys (n=30) and girls (n=43) were assessed using semiquantitative Food-Frequency Questionnaire, while PALs were assessed using Bouchard-three days physical activity record. One-way anova analysis showed significant relationship of PAL toward energy and fat intake (p=0,025 and 0,019), and none of carbohydrate and protein intake. The post-hoc LSD analysis revealed the significant mean difference were found in subjects classified as high and moderate PAL (for energy intake p=0,007; fat intake p=0,005). Meanwhile, energy and all macronutrients intake were found to be persistently high in subject with low PAL. In conclusion, increase in total energy expenditure will subsequently induce increase in energy intake, but low PAL did not change the individual energy requirement.

Abstrak :
Status gizi merupakan parameter yang dapat mengetahui masalah kesehatan di suatu daerah atau negara. Hingga saat ini prevalensi masalah gizi di Indonesia masih cukup tinggi, yang dapat ditentukan dengan indeks berat badan menurut usia (BB/U) dan tinggi badan menurut usia (TB/U). Masalah gizi kronik akan menimbulkan komplikasi jangka panjang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kecukupan asupan energi dan makronutrien dengan status gizi pada anak usia lima sampai tujuh tahun. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional-analitik potong lintang dengan menggunakan data sekunder. Data yang dianalisis adalah data yang memenuhi kelengkapan tanggal lahir, pengukuran antropometri, serta analisis food recall 24 jam. Besar sampel penelitian ini adalah 122 anak. Analisis statistik yang digunakan adalah metode Fisher. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kecukupan asupan protein dengan status gizi (indeks BB/U: p=0,024; indeks TB/U: p=0,037). Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kecukupan asupan energi dengan status gizi (indeks BB/U: p=0,358; indeks TB/U: p=0,733), kecukupan asupan lemak dengan status gizi (indeks BB/U: p=1,000; indeks TB/U: p=1,000), dan kecukupan asupan karbohidrat status gizi (indeks BB/U: p=0,462; indeks TB/U: p=1,000). ......Nutritional status is a parameter that could determine health problems in a region or a country. So far prevalence of nutritional problem in Indonesia is still quite high. Nutritional problem can be determined by measuring weight-for-age (W/A) and height-for-age (H/A) index. Persistent nutritional problem correlates with long-term sequelae. This study was intended to evaluate the association between energy-macronutrient adequacy and nutritional status in children age five to seven year old. This study was an observational-analytic, cross-sectional using secondary data. In order to be analayzed datas must have complete birth date, anthropometric measurement, and analysis of 24-hour food recall. The study population was 122 children. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher test. We found that there was a significant association between protein adequacy and nutritional status (W/A index: p=0.024; H/A index: p=0.037). There was no significant association between energy adequacy and nutritional status (W/A index: p=0.358; H/A index: p=0.733), fat adequacy and nutritional status (W/A index: p=1,000; H/A index: p=1.000), carbohydrate adequacy and nutritional status (W/A index: p=0.462 and H/A index: p=1.000).

Abstrak :
Asupan energi dan komposisi makronutrien pada usia remaja mempengaruhi kesehatan pada usia dewasa. Remaja yang mengalami obesitas berisiko tinggi mengalami penyakit serius di usia dewasa seperti penyakit kardiovaskular dan diabetes mellitus. Lingkar pinggang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebagai parameter status gizi remaja khususnya untuk menggambarkan obesitas sentral. Penelitian cross sectional ini dirancang untuk mengetahui hubungan asupan energi dan komposisi makronutrien dengan lingkar pinggang remaja usia 15 18 tahun di Jakarta. Data diambil dari 75 orang remaja yang berkuliah di salah satu Fakultas Kedokteran di Jakarta pada periode Maret 2012 Mei 2012. Data diambil secara total sampling dan diperoleh dari wawancara dengan menggunakan instrumen FFQ Food Frequency Questionnaire serta pengukuran lingkar pinggang. Sebanyak 20 dari total subjek mengalami obesitas sentral. Subjek rata rata mengonsumsi energi berlebih dengan nilai tengah sebesar 2443 761 5109 kkal dengan rerata persentase komposisi makronutrien sebagai berikut 53 97 9 31 karbohidrat 13 67 2 65 protein dan 31 41 8 12 lemak. Hubungan antara asupan energi dengan lingkar pinggang remaja menghasilkan nilai p 0 908. Sedangkan hubungan komposisi karbohidrat protein dan lemak dengan lingkar pinggang remaja masing masing menghasilkan nilai p 0 118 p 0 200 p 0 540. Dengan demikian tidak terdapat hubungan antara asupan energi dan komposisi makronutrien dengan lingkar pinggang pada remaja usia 15 18 tahun di Jakarta. ......Energy intake and macronutrients composition in adolescents could affect the health when they become an adult. The obese adolescent have high risk to have serious disease when they become adult such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Waist circumference was used in this study for represent adolescents rsquo nutrition status in particular to describe central obesity. This cross sectional study was design to know the relationship between energy intake and macronutrients composition in adolescents aged 15 18 years in Jakarta. Data were taken from 75 adolescents who study in one of Medical Faculty in Jakarta during March 2012 May 2012. Data were taken by total sampling and obtained from interview by using FFQ Food Frequency Questionnaire and waist circumference measurement 20 of subjects had central obesity. Subjects on average consume excess energy with a median of 2443 761 5109 kkal with a mean percentage of macronutrients composition as follows 53 97 9 31 of carbohydrate 13 67 2 65 of protein and 31 41 8 12 of fat. Relationship between energy intake and waist circumference in adolescents had the p value 0 908. While relationship between carbohydrate protein and fat composition with waist circumference in adolescents had each p value as follows p 0 118 p 0 200 p 0 540. Thus there was no relationship between energy intake and macronutrients composition with waist circumference in adolescents aged 15 18 years in Jakarta.

Abstrak :
Perubahan gaya hidup remaja menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan asupan energi dan aktivitas fisik yang berujung pada obesitas, mempengaruhi kesehatanya di usia dewasa. Obesitas dini dapat menyebabkan penyakit degeneratif terjadi secara lebih cepat. Penelitian ini ingin mencari faktor asupan energi dan komposisi makronutrien dalam mempengaruhi status gizi berdasarkan tebal lipatan kulit. Seluruh mahasiswa tingkat pertama usia 15-18 tahun pada juni 2011-Juni 2013 (n=75) diwawancara asupan makanannya dalam satu bulan terakhir, kemudian dicari asupan energi harian, komposisi karbohidrat, protein dan lemaknya. Subjek juga diukur tebal lipatan kulit di empat lokasi (bisep, trisep, subskapula dan suprailiaka), kemudian dicari persentase lemak tubuh dan digolongkan kedalam status obesitas dan tidak obesitas. 25,8% remaja pria dan 38,6% remaja wanita tergolong obesitas dengan kadar lemak tubuh ≥25(♂) dan ≥35%(♀) pada usia 15-18 tahun. Baik remaja dengan obesitas maupun tidak obesitas kebanyakan mengonsumsi asupan energi secara berlebih 2443(761-5109)kkal atau sebanding dengan 104(35-230)% AKG dimana laki-laki lebih banyak dibandingkan perempuan. Asupan gizi rerata dengan komposisi 53.97±9.31% karbohidrat, 13.67±2.65% protein dan 31.41±8.12 % lemak. Kadar lemak pada pria (30,6±3,7%) lebih besar daripada pada wanita (21,4±5,3%). Hubungan antara asupan energi, komposisi karbohidrat, protein dan lemak dengan tebal lipat kulit masing masing dengan p=0,703; p=0,189; p=0,319; p=0,804. Asupan energi yang berlebihan maupun komposisi karbohidrat, protein dan lemak tidak secara langsung berpengaruh terhadap status gizi berdasarkan tebal lipatan kulit. Status gizi berdasarkan tebal lipatan kulit dapat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor lain di luar itu sehingga perlu diperhatikan hal-hal lain dalam memberikan intervensi kesehatan untuk memperbaiki kondisi obesitas. ...... Adolescent lifestyle changes led to an imbalance energy intake and physical activity lead to obesity which led to premature degenerative diseases. This study wanted to find energy intake and macronutrient composition as a factor influence skinfold thickness. The entire freshman aged 15-18 years (n=75) on June 2011were interviewed to exam the past month food intake, carbohydrates, protein and fat composition using FFQ questionnaire. Subject were also had skinfold thickness at four sites examined, those measurement would lead to body fat percentage and had categorized into obesity and non-obesity. 25,8% male and 38,6 female adolescent were classified as obese with body fat percentage ≥ 25 (♂) and ≥ 35% (♀) at the age of 15-18 years. Both adolescents with obese and non-obese mostly consume excess energy intake 2443(761-5109) kcal equivalent to 104(35-230)% RDA, while male consumed 113(65-197)% RDA on average and female 107±39% RDA. The macronutrient diet compositions consist of 53.97±9.31% carbohydrate, 13.67±2.65% protein and 31.41±8.12% fat. Body fat percentages in male (30.6±3.7%) were greater than women (21.4±5.3%). Relations between energy intake, carbohydrate, protein and fat composition with skinfold thickness is p = 0.703, p = 0.189, p = 0.319, p = 0.804 respectively. Excessive energy intake and carbohydrates, protein and fats composition do not directly affect the nutritional status based on skinfold thickness. Nutritional status based on skinfold thickness could be affected by other factors that need to be considered, especially in delivering health interventions to improve the adolescent obesity condition.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Modernisasi kota-kota besar di Indonesia terutama Jakarta meningkatkan jumlah perempuan bekerja dengan pcrubahan terhadap gaya hidup terutama dalam jumlah dan komposisi asupan makanan. Hal tersebut bila disertai dengan mulai meourunnya honnon estrogen pada perempuan di awal masa klimakterlum, dikhawatirkan telah teljadi perubahan profil lipid dan distribusi lemak. Tujuan pcnalitian ini adalah diketahuinya asupan total energi dan asupan makronutrien serta profit lipid karyawati di awal rna.- klimakterium yaitu usia 35-45 tahun, serta hubungannya dengan ukuran lingkar pinggang. Stodi ini adalah studi potong lingtang yang dilakukan di Poliklinik Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata RJ. Sebanyak 66 orang karyawati menandatangani lembar persetujuan menjadi subyek pcnelitian, dengan 52 orang (78,8%) subyek menyelesaikan studi ini. Pengumpulan data ditakukan dengan wawancara, pcngukuran antropometri dan pcaitaian asupan makanan menggunakan merode food record 3x24 jam. Dilakukan juga pemeriksaan tahoratorium untuk mengukur kadar kolesterol LDL, HDL dan trigliserida serum. Rerata ulruran lingkar pinggang subyek adalah 84,8 ± 9,42 em dengao sebagian besar subyek (67,3%) tennasuk dalarn kategori lebih. Rerata asupan total energi subyek penelitian adalah 1571 ± 303,2 kkal, dengan sebagian besar subyek tennasuk dalarn kategori cukup jika dibandingkan dengan kebutoba energi total. Rerata asupan makronutrien untuk karbohidrat adalah 213,7 ± 40,73 gr (54,7 ± 6,24 o/oE), sera! 11,2 ± 4,52 gr, protein 54,0 ± 13,25 gr (13,7 ± 1,89 %E), lemak 56,0 ± 17,76 gr (31,6 ± 5,62 %E), SAFA 25,8 ± 8,84 gr (14,6 ± 3,44 %E), MUFA 14,1 ± 5,07 gr (8,0 ± 2,02 %E), PUFA 12,3 ± 5,85 gr (6,9 ± 2,84 %E) dan kotesterol 242,2 ± 118,36 mg per hari. Berdesarkan aujuran asupan oleh PERKENI, asupan kaibohidrat, protein, MUF A dan PUF A sebagian besar subyek dikategorlkan cukup. Sementara asupan lemak, SAP A dan kotesterol sebagian besar subyek dikategorikan lebih dan asupan serat kurang. Kadar kolesterol LDL, HDL dan trigliserida subyek berturut-turut adalah 126,3 ± 29,71 m8fdL, 58,2 ± 9,46 mg/dL dan 84,7 ± 35,81 mg/dL. Kadar ko1esterol LDL dan trigliserida serum sebagian besar subyek dalam kategori normal. Kader kolesterol HDL serum seluruh subyek dahun kategori normal. Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara jumlah asupan energi total dan masing-masing makronutrien terhadap ukuran lingkar pinggang. Namun terdepat korelasi derajat lemak antara kadar trigliserida serum dan ukuran lingkar pinggang.

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Abstract
Modernization on some major cities in Indonesia specially Jakarta bas raised the number of working women from year to year, and alter their !!restyle including their total nutrition intake and macronutrient composition. Accompanied with decreasing estrogen level in early climacteric women, there was big concern that there had been alteration on lipid profile and fat distribution among these women. The aim of the study was to evaluate daily intake of total energy, macronutrients and lipid profile among healthy female government employee on early climacteric phase (aged 35-45 years), and their association with waist circumference. This cross sectional study took place in Cultural and Tourism Department of Republic Indonesia. Sixty six women have provided consent, while 52 subjects (78.8%) have completed the study. Data collection were conducted from interviews, anthropometric measurements and dietary assessment using 3 x 24 hours food record. Serum triglyceride, LDL, HDL cholesterol level were assessed as well. Mean value of waist circumference was 84.8 ± 9.42 em, and categorized as high, as well as on the majority of subjects (67.3 %).Mean value and standard deviation of to!al energy intake was 1571 ± 303,2 kcal, and categorized as moderate. The mean intake value of carbohydrate was 213,7 ± 40,73 g (54,7 ± 6,24 %E), fiber 11,2 ± 4.52 gr, protein 54.0 ± 13.25 g (13.7 ± 1.89 %E), fut 56.0 ± 17.76 g (3L6 ± 5.62 %E), SAFA 25.8 ± 8.84 gr (14.6 ± 3.44 %E), MUFA 14.1 ± 5.o7 gr (8.0 ± 2.02 %E), PUFA 12.3 ± 5.85 gr (6.9 ± 2.M %E) and cholesterol 242.2 ± 118.36 mg!day. Based on PER.KENI recommendation for macronutrient intake, majority of subject's intake of carbohydrate, protein, MUFA and PUF A were categorized as moderate, the intake of daily fat, SAFA and cholesterol were high, and all subject's intake of fiber was low. Subject's serum LDL and HDL cholesterol level were 126.3 ± 29.71 mg/dL and 58.2 ± 9.46 mg/dL respectively, while serum triglyceride level was 84.7 ± 35.81 mg!dL. Majority of subject's lipid profile categorized as normal. No significant associations were found among total energy as well as macronutrients with waist circumference. Nevertheless, there was weak significant association between triglyceride serum level and waist circumference.

Abstrak :
Pendahuluan Prevalensi obesitas meningkat terutama pada dewasa muda, yang berisiko pada penyakit kardiometabolik. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah karena generasi muda sering mengalami kesulitan dalam memenuhi keseimbangan makronutrien. Perubahan tubuh saat obesitas dapat diamati melalui rasio leptin/adiponektin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara asupan makronutrien dengan rasio leptin/adiponektin pada populasi dewasa muda Indonesia. Metode Penelitian potong lintang ini merekrut mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia berusia 16-25 tahun pada tahun 2018 dan 2019. Pengukuran yang dilakukan meliputi indeks antropometri, komposisi tubuh melalui bio-impedance analyzer, kadar leptin dan adiponektin, serta 3-days food record untuk mengetahui asupan harian (karbohidrat, protein, lemak, serat). Hubungan tersebut diuji dengan uji korelasi, dilanjutkan regresi linier multipe untuk penyesuaian variabel perancu. Hasil Dari 405 subjek, didapatkan korelasi negatif yang signifikan (p <0,05) antara asupan karbohidrat (r = -0,229) protein (r = -0,129); dan lemak (r = -0,130) dengan rasio leptin/adiponektin, sedangkan tidak dengan asupan serat (p = 0,955). Setelah dilakukan analisis multivariat untuk menyesuaikan variabel perancu, asupan makronutrien tidak lagi menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan. Jenis kelamin perempuan (β = 0,323); lingkar pinggang (β = 0,213); perkotaan (β = 0,150); dan persentase lemak tubuh (β = 0,389) menjadi faktor independen yang berhubungan secara signifikan. Kesimpulan Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada kemungkinan peran unik dari jenis makronutrien tertentu dalam memperbaiki leptin dan adiponektin, serta mekanisme adaptif adipokin pada populasi dewasa muda. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengkonfirmasi hubungan sebab akibat tersebut. ......Introduction Obesity prevalence increased mostly in young adults, put risk in early onset of cardiometabolic disease. One possible cause is young generation often experiences difficulties in meeting macronutrient balance. Adiposity progression can be reflected by increased leptin/adiponectin ratio. This study aims to investigate the association between macronutrient intake to leptin/adiponectin ratio in Indonesian young adults. Method This cross-sectional study recruited Universitas Indonesia student aged 16-25 years old in 2018 and 2019. Measurement included anthropometric indices, body composition using bio-impedance analyzer, serum leptin and adiponectin level, as well as 3-days food record to obtain daily intake data (carbohydrate, protein, fat, fiber). The association was tested using correlation test, continued to multiple linear regression for adjustment. Results From 405 subjects, significant (p <0,05) inverse correlation observed between carbohydrate (r = -0,229); protein (r = -0,129); and fat (r = -0,130) intake to leptin/adiponectin ratio, while not with fiber intake (p = 0,955). After adjustment for confounding variables, macronutrient intake no longer showed significant association. Female (β = 0,323); waist circumference (β = 0,213); urban (β = 0,150); and fat body percentage (β = 0,389) became significant independent factor. Conclusion This study suggests that certain macronutrients may lower leptin/adiponectin ratio. Besides that, the decreased ratio could indicate adaptive mechanism in healthy young adults that might raise the risk of weight gain in the future. Body fat and its distribution - –represented by confounding variables– have major role to mediate effect between two. Further studies in regards of young adults are required to confirm this finding.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Latar belakang: mengetahui hubungan antara asupan makronutrien dan gaya hidup terhadap status HbA1c penyandang diabetes melitus (DM) tipe 2. Metode: penyandang DM tipe 2 dikategorikan ke dalam 2 kelompok, yaitu kontrol glikemik (KG) baik (HbA1c < 7,0) dan KG buruk (HbA1c > 7,0). Data karakteristik dasar seperti usia, jenis kelamin, status gizi, durasi menderita DM, jenis dan jumlah obat DM yang digunakan, serta ada/ tidaknya komplikasi DM yang diderita. Asupan makronutrien terdiri dari asupan energi total harian, asupan karbohidrat, protein, lemak dan serat. Faktor gaya hidup meliputi ketaatan mengikuti diet sesuai yang direkomendasikan, aktivitas fisik, ketaatan konsumsi obat, merokok dan minum alkohol. Data-data dari kedua kelompok kemudian dihubungkan dengan status HbA1c dengan uji Chi square. Hasil penelitian: usia penyandang DM yang lebih muda (< 55 tahun), asupan karbohidrat dan ketaatan mengikuti diet berhubungan bermakna secara statistik dengan status HbA1c (P < 0,05). Rasio asupan makronutrien (karbohidrat, protein, lemak) pada kelompok KG baik adalah 47: 18: 35 dan KG buruk 51: 16: 33. Kesimpulan : Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa status HbA1c berhubungan bermakna dengan faktor usia, asupan karbohidrat, dan ketaatan mengikuti diet. Edukasi sebaiknya diberikan kepada penyandang DM tipe 2 dengan KG buruk, terutama yang berusia < 55 tahun agar mengatur pola makannya sesuai dengan yang direkomendasikan dengan memperhatikan jenis, jumlah, dan jadwal.

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ABSTRACT
Background: Determining the relationship between macronutrients intake and lifestyle factors and HbA1c status of diabetic type 2 patient in improving the effectiveness of patient?s nutrition therapy and preventing diabetes complications. Methods: Diabetic type 2 patients were categorized into 2 groups; patients with good glycemic control (GC) or HbA1c < 7.0 and patients with poor glycemic control (PC) or HbA1c > 7.0. Clinical characteristics were differentiated by age, gender, body mass index (BMI), duration of illness, type and amount of diabetic medication, and other diabetic complication. Macronutrient intake consisted of total daily calories and carbohydrate, protein, fat and fiber intakes. Lifestyle factors consisted of the adherence to dietary advice and medication, physical activities, smoking habit, and alcohol intake. The data were be used to determine their relationship with HbA1c status using Chi Square test. Results: Younger diabetic type 2 patients (< 55 years old), carbohydrate intake, and adherence to dietary advice were identified as statistically significant variables related to HbA1c status (P <0.05). Macronutrient intake ratio (carbohydrate : protein : fat) for GC was 47 : 18 : 35 and PC was 51 : 16 : 33. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that HbA1c status in diabetic type 2 patient are related to age, carbohydrate intake and adherence to dietary advice. Education to be provided to younger diabetic type 2 patients (<55 years old) to maintain good dietary pattern according to medical nutrition therapy, Background: Determining the relationship between macronutrients intake and lifestyle factors and HbA1c status of diabetic type 2 patient in improving the effectiveness of patient’s nutrition therapy and preventing diabetes complications. Methods: Diabetic type 2 patients were categorized into 2 groups; patients with good glycemic control (GC) or HbA1c < 7.0 and patients with poor glycemic control (PC) or HbA1c > 7.0. Clinical characteristics were differentiated by age, gender, body mass index (BMI), duration of illness, type and amount of diabetic medication, and other diabetic complication. Macronutrient intake consisted of total daily calories and carbohydrate, protein, fat and fiber intakes. Lifestyle factors consisted of the adherence to dietary advice and medication, physical activities, smoking habit, and alcohol intake. The data were be used to determine their relationship with HbA1c status using Chi Square test. Results: Younger diabetic type 2 patients (< 55 years old), carbohydrate intake, and adherence to dietary advice were identified as statistically significant variables related to HbA1c status (P <0.05). Macronutrient intake ratio (carbohydrate : protein : fat) for GC was 47 : 18 : 35 and PC was 51 : 16 : 33. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that HbA1c status in diabetic type 2 patient are related to age, carbohydrate intake and adherence to dietary advice. Education to be provided to younger diabetic type 2 patients (<55 years old) to maintain good dietary pattern according to medical nutrition therapy]

Abstrak :
Prediabetes adalah kondisi peningkatan kadar glukosa darah dari normal, tetapi belum memenuhi kriteria diagnosis diabetes mellitus (DM). Prediabetes menjadi hal yang penting berdasarkan fakta bahwa sebagian besar kasus prediabetes akan berkembang menjadi DM, dan di sisi lain, dengan diagnosis dini dan intervensi yang tepat, dapat pula mengalami regresi menjadi normoglikemia. Intervensi gizi, merupakan salah satu pilar intervensi yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah progresivitas prediabetes menjadi diabetes. Adanya faktor polimorfisme genetik menyebabkan penerapan rekomendasi diet yang umum tidak menunjukkan hasil yang memuaskan pada sebagian orang. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengembangkan rekomendasi diet spesifik untuk pencegahan progresivitas prediabetes menjadi diabetes berdasarkan analisis terhadap 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) yang terkait dengan resistensi insulin, komposisi tubuh, dan preferensi makanan. Penelitian dilakukan di Tangerang Selatan terhadap 193 subjek prediabetes sebagai kasus dan 376 subjek normoglikemia sebagai kontrol. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada Oktober 2019 hingga Juni 2021. Wawancara dilakukan untuk memperoleh data demografi dan faktor risiko; tingkat aktivitas fisik diukur dengan kuesioner IPAQ; data asupan nutrien didapat dengan menggunakan FFQ semikuantitatif dan 24 hours food recall sebanyak 3 kali lalu dianalisis menggunakan Nutrisurvey. Skor Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) dihitung berdasarkan 29 parameter nutrien. Kadar insulin, leptin, dan adiponektin diukur menggunakan ELISA, DNA diekstraksi dari darah vena dan polimorfisme genetik ditentukan dengan pemeriksaan genotyping. Analisis data untuk menentukan adanya asosiasi dan interaksi antar variabel yang diteliti menggunakan aplikasi Rstudio. Rekomendasi diet spesifik disusun berdasarkan hasil interaksi varian genetik dan asupan nutrien yang ditemukan bermakna. Genotip C/C pada GCKR rs780094 dan genotip G/G pada LEPR rs1137101 merupakan faktor protektif terhadap prediabetes dengan nilai odds berturut-turut adalah 0,48 (IK95% 0,3-0,75, p=0,00097) dan 0,53(IK95% 0,36-0,76, p=0,0014). Analisis interaksi mendapatkan bahwa kecukupan kalori, proporsi karbohidrat, proporsi lemak, proporsi PUFA, proporsi SAFA, kecukupan MUFA, asupan serat, serta skor DII memodulasi varian genetik yang diteliti sehingga berpengaruh terhadap risiko prediabetes, komposisi tubuh, resistensi insulin dan disharmoni adipokin. Atas dasar ini, telah dikembangkan rekomendasi diet spesifik untuk genotip berisiko tinggi pada 8 SNPs yang terkait dengan resistensi insulin, komposisi tubuh, dan preferensi makanan. ......Prediabetes is when the blood glucose level is higher than normal but does not meet the diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus (DM). Prediabetes is crucial because most cases of prediabetes will develop into DM; on the other hand, with early diagnosis and appropriate intervention, it can also regress into normoglycemia. Nutrition intervention is one of the pillars of intervention to prevent the progression of prediabetes to diabetes. The existence of genetic polymorphism factors causes the implementation of general dietary recommendations to be unsuccessful for some people. This study aims to develop specific dietary recommendations for preventing the progression of prediabetes to diabetes based on an analysis of 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with insulin resistance, body composition, and food preferences. The study was conducted in South Tangerang on 193 prediabetic subjects as cases and 376 normoglycemic subjects as controls. Data collection was carried out from October 2019 to June 2021. Interviews were conducted to obtain demographic and risk factor data; physical activity level was measured by IPAQ questionnaire; data on nutrient intake was obtained using a semi-quantitative FFQ and 24-hour food recall three times and then analyzed using Nutrisurvey. The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) score is calculated using 29 nutrient parameters. Insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels were measured using ELISA, DNA extracted from venous blood and genetic polymorphisms were determined by genotyping examination. Data analysis to determine the existence of associations and interactions between the variables studied using the Rstudio application. Specific dietary recommendations were prepared based on the results of the interaction of genetic variants and nutrient intake, which were found to be significant. C/C genotype on GCKR rs780094 and G/G genotype on LEPR rs1137101 are protective factors against prediabetes with odds values of 0.48 (95% CI 0.3-0.75, p=0.00097) and 0.53(95% CI 0.36-0.76, p=0.0014). The interaction analysis found that the adequacy of calories, the proportion of carbohydrates, the proportion of fat, the proportion of PUFA, the proportion of SAFA, the adequacy of MUFA, fiber intake, and the DII score modulated the genetic variants studied so that they affected the risk of prediabetes, body composition, insulin resistance, and adipokine disharmony. On this basis, specific dietary recommendations for high-risk genotypes at 8 SNPs related to insulin resistance, body composition, and food preferences have been developed.