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"Adaptation mechanism to hypoxia in living organisms increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation that could exceed the capacity of anti oxidant. Gluthatione (GSH) in which highest concentration present in liver, plays an important role in maintaining the intracellular redox equilibrium and protect tissues from oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to observe tissue response of rat that was exposed to chronic systemic hypoxia by analyzing the oxidative stress in liver tissue. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by chronic systemic hypoxia by kept them in hypoxic chamber (10% O2:90% N2) for 1, 3, 7 and 14 day(s). All rats were sacrificed with ether anesthesia after hypoxia treatment. Liver tissues were analyzed using parameters of oxidative stress, malondialdehyde (MDA) with tBARS test, and endogenous antioxidant, glutathione reduced form (GSH). The study showed that chronic systemic hypoxia induction caused oxidative stress in liver tissue, which was shown by increased concentration of MDA in liver tissue (nmol/mg liver tissue). Concentration of MDA in liver tissue was increased significantly on day-1, day-3, day-7 and day-14 compared to control group (ANOVA, LSD, p<0.05). The differences between day-3, day-7 and day-14 was not significant. In contrast, liver GSH content (μg/mg liver protein) was progressively decreased significantly since day-1 of hypoxia until the end of experiment (ANOVA, LSD, p<0.05). Statistical analysis revealed that there is a strong correlation between MDA and GSH concentration in liver tissue (Pearson = - 0.993). It was concluded that oxidative stress present in liver tissue of rat induced by chronic systemic hypoxia."

"The second edition of Strategic Studies: A Reader brings together key essays on strategic theory by some of the leading contributors to the field. This revised volume contains several new essays and updated introductions to each section.The volume comprises hard-to-find classics in the field as well as the latest scholarship. The aim is to provide students with a wide-ranging survey of the key issues in strategic studies, and to provide an introduction to the main ideas and themes in the field. The book contains six extensive sections, each of which is prefaced by a short introductory essay:The Uses of Strategic TheoryInterpretation of the ClassicsInstruments of War, Intelligence and DeceptionNuclear StrategyIrregular Warfare and Small WarsFuture Warfare, Future StrategyOverall, this volume strikes a balance between theoretical works, which seek to discover generalisations about the nature of modern strategy, and case studies, which attempt to ground the study of strategy in the realities of modern war.This new edition will be essential reading for all students of strategic studies, security studies, military history and war studies, as well as for professional military college students."

"Abtract – In order to maintain food security, it is wiser if the food priority is not limited to rice, but also encourages product diversity of local food-based such as maize, cassava, sweet potato, breadfruit, taro, and banana. The problems of utilizing banana potential in Bogor District are low production due to land use change, plant function change, some farmers have perception of bananas as a second class plant, Fusarium wilt disease, limited use of bananas as fresh fruit and small industrial processed products (such as chips, sale, molen), and production has not been able to fulfill market demand and consequently, export market opportunities have not been utilized. This study describes the extent to which large potential of banana can be used optimally by using defense economics, demand-supply, and food security theory. Primary data sources were obtained from interviews with informant from Local Government, farmers and banana traders in Bogor District, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Trade. Secondary data sources include both from Ministry, Distanhorti, Disdagin, BPS, journals, and electronic media. Validation data by triangulation and data analysis of Miles-Huberman. The results show that bananas have great potential to be developed in Bogor District but its utilization is not optimal. This is due to several factors including application of inappropriate cultivation techniques with SOP, limited large-scale land, land conversion, without large company partnerships. Therefore, it is necessary to build partnerships with large private companies, synergies and coordination between stakeholders in order to increase bananas potential as trade commodity, hence can fulfill market demand. In the end it will improve economic security as one of the main focuses of the defense economy."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap kembali mengenai topik discount framing, salah satu faktor yang diduga, bisa meningkatkan intensi membeli konsumen dan nilai transaksi, jika dikaitkan dengan produk dengan harga rendah atau tinggi, dengan ukuran diskon rendah atau tinggi, dan dikontrol menggunakan harga referensi Internal. Sampel yang digunakan adalah penduduk Millenial Indonesia yang memiliki kemampuan untuk melakukan pembelian terhadap produk berharga rendah ataupun tinggi. Penelitian ini menggunakan analsisi Multivariate of Covariance ( MANCOVA ) untuk mengolah data yang digunakan.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa untuk penduduk Millenial Indonesia, ukuran diskon masih merupakan faktor utama yang mempengaruhi nilai transaksi, dan format diskon masih menjadi hal yang tidak dianggap secara signifikan. Sedangkan dari sisi harga referensi internal, produk dengan harga tinggi mendapat perhatian lebih daripada produk berharga rendah. Ini berarti, penduduk Millenial Indonesia masih mengandalkan ukuran diskon dalam membeli produk daripada, memperhatikan format diskon yang digunakan, dan sensitif terhadap produk dengan harga tinggi.

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The study aims to explore on the topic of discount framing, which is one factor that has been researched over the years for having impact on Purchase intention and perception of transaction value, both for high price or low price product, for both low and high discount size. This Study also has Internal Reference Price as Covariance, which is suspected to have some form of involvement in Purchase intention and Transaction Value. Sample used are Indonesian Millennials Citizen that have purchasing power for both products price point. This research is using Multivariate analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) to process the data. Theresult showed that for Indonesian Millennials citizens, discount size is still the significant factor that affects perception on transaction value, and discount format, generally, is still ignored. For the Covariance, Internal Reference Price high price product is still getting more attention for this segment. Allinall, Indonesian Millennial Citizens still use discount size as a parameter to buy a product and are sensitive to high price products."

"Berdasarkan Kebijakan Energi Nasional, target Energi Terbarukan adalah 23% dari bauran energi nasional pada tahun 2025, pemerintah Indonesia berencana untuk menambah target energi terbarukan dan energi alternatif lainnya. Namun, masalah dalam keberlanjutan proyek ketenagalistrikan yang ada dimana mindset perusahaan terdahulu lebih memilih mengembangkan proyek energi fosil daripada energi terbarukan. Hal ini timbul akibat dari masalah organisasi yang masih belum dapat menyiapan kesiapan perubahan organisasi terhadap adopsi energi terbarukan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan melakukan studi empiris secara kuantitatif dengan menggunakan structural equation model untuk menyeidiki tiga faktor penentu kesiapan perubahan yaitu external pressure, innovation intention, dan commitment of resources. Penelitian dilakukan pada perusahaan Independent Power Producer (IPP) di Indonesia dengan hasil menunjukkan bahwa innovation intention yang merupakan bagian dari budaya inovasi menjadi faktor terbesar penentu kesiapan perubahan organisasi pada sektor tenagalistrikan di Indonesia. Faktor penentu lainnya seperti commitment of resources yang merupakan dorongan internal dalam memberikan alokasi sumber daya tidak menunjukkan pengaruh yang kuat dalam mendorong kesiapan perubahan energi terbarukan.

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Based on the National Energy Policy, the Renewable Energy target in Indonesia is 23% of the national energy mix in 2025, the Indonesian government plans to add renewable and alternative energy power plants by 2028. However, the author acknowledges that there have been urgent problems in the sustainability of existing electricity projects where the mindset of previous companies prefers to develop fossil energy projects rather than renewable energy. The fenomena gap arises due to organizational problems that are still unable to prepare change readiness in the organizational level towards intention to adopt renewable energy. A rapidly changing environment in developing countries, especially in the electricity sector, moves this research to be carried out by conducting quantitative empirical study using the structural equation model to investigating the three determinants of change readiness namely external pressure, innovation intention, and commitment of resources. The study was conducted on the IPP in Indonesia with the results showing that the innovation intention which is part of the culture of innovation is the biggest factor determining change readiness. Other determinants such as commitment of resources do not show a strong influence to encouraging change readiness for renewable energy."

"Pasar Indonesia sangat seluler, 67% dari pelaku belanja online menggunakan ponselnya untuk berbelanja. Maka dari itu, peran dari aplikasi seluler e-commerce sangat lah penting. Bagian paling integral dari aplikasi seluler e-commerce adalah sistem rekomendasi. Sistem ini bertugas merekomendasikan produk kepada pengguna sesuai aktivitas dan profil preferensi mereka. Suatu sistem rekomendasi dapat dikatakan berhasil apabila dapat menghasilkan niatan membeli pada pengguna. Namun, hal ini membutuhkan kepercayaan dari pengguna. Pada penelitian ini, diselidiki faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kepercayaan pengguna, yaitu: recommendation quality, transparency, dan mobile app quality. Sebanyak 640 responden yang menggunakan aplikasi seluler e-commerce dalam jangka 6 bulan diteliti. Hasil dari penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa ada pengaruh positif dari recommendation accuracy, novelty, dan diversity terhadap recommendation quality; pengaruh positif dari explanation terhadap transparency; pengaruh positif dari information quality, recommendation quality, dan transparency terhadap trust; dan pengaruh positif dari trust terhadap purchase intention.

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The Indonesian market is very mobile, 67% of online shoppers prefer to shop on their mobile phones. While, the role of mobile app grows more important, so does the role of recommendation agent in it. The task of such agent is to point customers to additional items of interest in the catalog based on their current activity and preference profile. The system is proven useful if it can generate users purchase intention and trust is the prerequisite of such intention. This study aims to investigate the trust-building factors, namely: recommendation quality, transparency, and the mobile app quality itself. We collected 640 respondents who accessed an e-commerce mobile app within the last 6 months. This study reveals that there is a positive correlation from recommendation accuracy, novelty, and diversity towards recommendation quality; a positive correlation from explanation towards transparency; a positive correlation from information quality, recommendation quality, and transparency towards trust; and a positive correlation from trust towards purchase intention."

"ABSTRAKPeningkatan pengguna internet di Indonesia memicu perubahan gaya hidup masyarakat, tidak terkecuali dalam berbelanja. Dengan eksistensi e commerce, masyarakat di Indonesia telah mengenal metode belanja baik secara tradisional maupun online. Pertumbuhan e commerce yang semakin pesat akan menyediakan berbagai alternatif dalam berbelanja bagi masyarakat, baik sebagai penjual maupun pembeli. Hal ini menjadikan pembeli dapat memilih platform mana yang sesuai ketika mencari barang pilihan mereka, baik dalam kondisi baru maupun bekas. Pembeli tentunya memiliki berbagai latar belakang dan preferensi tersendiri dalam memilih barang, termasuk ketika membeli barang bekas secara online. Platform e-commerce khususnya C2C perlu mengetahui motivasi dari perspektif pembeli, seperti price orientation, bargaining power, critical orientation, usefulness, ease of use, need to be unique, nostalgia, trust, dan assurances dalam melakukan pembelian. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan berfokus pada pengaruh motivasi berbelanja barang bekas secara online di perspektif pembeli, sikap mereka terhadap berbelanja barang bekas, serta niat pembelian kembali. Penelitian ini menggunakan purposive sampling dengan meneliti motivasi dari 502 pembeli barang bekas secara online di Indonesia yang kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Peneliti menemukan bahwa motivasi dalam berbelanja barang bekas secara online berpengaruh secara signifikan baik terhadap sikap pembeli dalam berbelanja barang bekas maupun niat pembelian kembali dari pembeli di Indonesia.

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ABSTRACT

The increasing level of internet users in Indonesia has triggered changes in people's lifestyles, including in their way of shopping. The e-commerce existence in Indonesia causes people to be more familiar with shopping methods, both traditional and online. The rapid growth of e-commerce provides various alternatives for users, both as sellers and buyers. Buyers nowadays can choose their suitable platform based on goods, both in new and used conditions. Their backgrounds and preferences in selecting goods will affect the way of buying second-hand goods. E-commerce platforms, especially C2C, need to know various motivations from the buyer's perspective, such as price orientation, bargaining power, critical orientation, usefulness, ease of use, need to be unique, nostalgia, trust, and assurance in buying second-hand goods. Therefore, this research will focus on the influence of online second hand shopping motivation from a buyer's perspective, their attitude towards second-hand shopping, and repurchase intentions. This study uses purposive sampling by examining motivations of 502 second-hand online buyers in Indonesia, which is then analyzed by using Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Researcher finds that motivation in shopping for second-hand goods online has a significant effect both on the attitudes of buyers in shopping for second-hand goods and repurchase intention from Indonesian buyers."