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Najib Advani
"Latar belakang: Penyakit Kawasaki (PK) adalah suatu vaskulitis akut sistemik yang terutama menyerang bayi dan anak balita dan belum diketahui etiologinya. Pada kasus PK yang tidak diobati 15-25 % akan mengalami aneurisme koroner yang dapat berakhir pada infark miokard, penyakit jantung iskemik atau kematian. Berbagai faktor diduga berperan terhadap terjadinya aneurisme koroner. Peran dan kondisi SPE (sel progenitor endotel), suatu subtipe sel punca mulai diteliti dengan tujuan kelak dapat digunakan untuk terapi kelainan koroner pada PK.
Tujuan: Mengetahui frekuensi aneurisme koroner pada PK, faktor risiko terjadinya serta perjalanan klinisnya; jumlah dan kualitas SPE pada fase akut maupun lanjut PK dengan atau tanpa aneurisme koroner serta membandingkan jumlah dan kualitas SPE pada kedua fase tersebut.
Metode: Subjek adalah pasien PK yang datang berobat selama periode 10½ tahun di 5 RS di Jabotabek. Terdapat 4 desain penelitian yaitu studi potong lintang untuk penelitian faktor risiko aneurisme koroner. Kohort retrospektif untuk perjalanan klinis serta potong lintang untuk masing masing SPE fase akut dan SPE fase lanjut. Subjek diperiksa darah dan ekokardiografi.
Hasil: Didapat 667 subjek dengan PK. Frekuensi aneurisme koroner pada fase akut PK 33,3 %, fase konvalesen 7,9 %. Faktor risiko aneurisme koroner adalah lama demam > 7 hari sebelum terapi (p < 0,001; RO 2,02; IK 1,15 sampai 3,53) dan kadar albumin yang rendah (p 0,001; RO 0,53; IK 0,32 sampai 0,87). Mayoritas aneurisme kecil dan sedang kembali normal dengan berlalunya waktu, aneurisme raksasa tidak. Subjek tanpa aneurisme hingga 2 bulan awitan, selanjutnya tetap normal. Tidak ada pebedaan jumlah dan kualitas SPE (CD34+) pada pasien dengan dan tanpa aneurisme koroner pada fase akut dan lanjut. Jumlah SPE (CD34+) lebih tinggi pada fase akut dibanding fase lanjut (p < 0,001).
Simpulan dan saran: Lama demam > 7 hari sebelum terapi dan kadar albumin yang rendah merupakan faktor risiko aneurisme koroner. Prognosis aneurisme ditentukan oleh diameternya. Jumlah SPE (CD34+) pada fase akut lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibanding fase lanjut. Pada pasien PK terapi sebaiknya dilakukan sebelum hari ke-8 demam untuk mencegah komplikasi koroner. Pada pasien tanpa aneurisme koroner hingga 2 bulan awitan, ekokardiografi selanjutnya tidak mutlak dilakukan.

Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis with unknown etiology that mainly affects infants and young children. Coronary aneurysms develop in 15 - 25 % of untreated cases and may lead to myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease or sudden death. There were some risk factors suspected to play a role in the development of coronary aneurysms. The role of EPC (endothelial progenitor cells) a subtype of stem cell, in KD has been studied lately with the aim that they could be manipulated to treat coronary lesions.
Objective : To investigate the frequency of coronary aneurysms in KD, risk factors for the development of coronary aneurysms and their clinical course; number and quality of EPC in patients with and without aneurysms in acute and late phase of KD, and compare the number and quality of EPC between acute and late phase of KD.
Methods: Subjects were KD patients treated during the period of 10½ years in 5 hospitals in Jabotabek area. There were 4 study designs, namely cross-sectional for coronary risk factors, retrospective cohort for the clinical course and cross sectional for EPC study in acute and late phase. Subjects had blood and echocardiography examinations.
Results: There were 667 KD patients studied. The frequency of coronary aneurysms in acute phase was 33.3 % and 7.9 % in convalescence. Risk factors for coronary aneurysms were duration of fever > 7 days (p< 0.001; OR 2.02; CI 1.15 to 3.53) and low level of albumin (p= 0.001; OR 0.53; CI 0.32 to 0.87). Majority of small and medium sized aneurysms regressed over time but giant aneurysms did not. Subjects without coronary aneurysms till 2 months of onset would remain normal later. No difference was noted in the number and quality of EPC (CD34+) between subjects with and without aneurysms in acute and late phase. The number of EPC (CD34+) in acute phase higher than that of the late phase (p< 0.001).
Conclusion and suggestion: Duration of fever over 7 days before treatment and low level of albumin were the risk factors for the development of coronary aneurysms. Outcome of aneurysms was determined by the size of the diameter. The number of EPC was significantly higher during acute phase compared to that of the late phase. Patients with KD should have been treated before day 8 of fever to prevent coronary complications. For patients without coronary aneurysms till 2 months after onset, further echocardiography is not a necessity.
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Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2014
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UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Rubiana Sukardi
"Latar Belakang: Penggunaan mesin pintas jantung paru (PJP) selama operasi koreksi pada pasien tetralogi Fallot (TF) dapat menyebabkan respons inflamasi yang intensif. Kombinasi pemberian kardioplegia dan penglepasan spesies oksigen reaktif selama fase reperfusi juga meyebabkan cedera iskemia reperfusi miokardium. Kurkumin diketahui sebagai scavenger beberapa spesies oksigen reaktif. Selain itu, kurkumin juga meningkatkan aktivitas antioksidan seperti glutation (GSH) dan menekan fosforilasi nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) dan c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Inhibisi NFκB dan regulasi jalur bawah JNK merupakan mekanisme yang penting untuk menekan respons inflamasi.
Tujuan: Untuk mengevaluasi efek proteksi kurkumin sebagai antioksidan pada pasien TF yang menjalani operasi koreksi dengan menilai konsentrasi MDA dan GSH dalam serum, protein aktif NFκB, JNK dan kaspase-3 di miokardium, serta luaran klinis pascabedah.
Metodologi: Pasien TF usia 1-6 tahun yang direncanakan menjalani operasi koreksi dirandomisasi secara acak ke dalam kelompok kurkumin atau plasebo. Kurkumin (45 mg/hari) diberikan peroral selama 14 hari prabedah. MDA dan GSH dinilai pada fase praiskemia, iskemia, reperfusi, dan 6 jam pasca-klem silang aorta dilepas. Pada saat operasi spesimen darah diambil dari atrium kanan pada fase praiskemia dan 6 jam pasca-klem silang aorta dilepas, sedangkan dari sinus koronarius diambil pada fase iskemia dan reperfusi. Untuk menilai NFκB, JNK, dan kaspase-3, spesimen jaringan otot jantung diambil dari infundibulum pada fase praiskemia, iskemia, dan reperfusi. NFκB dan JNK dianalisis dengan metode enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), sedangkan kaspase-3 dengan teknik imunohistokimia. Parameter hemodinamik dan fungsi ventrikel dicatat saat 6 jam, 24 jam, 36 jam, dan hari ke-5 pascabedah.
Hasil: Selama periode Juli 2012 - Juli 2013, terdapat 45 orang pasien yang direkrut (22 kurkumin dan 23 plasebo). Tidak ada perbedaan konsentrasi MDA dan GSH pada tiap fase pengamatan pada kedua kelompok. Tidak ada beda bermakna aktivitas protein aktif NFκB di antara ketiga fase pengamatan praiskemia, iskemia, atau reperfusi. Tetapi pada kelompok kurkumin aktivitas protein aktif JNK menurun dari fase praiskemia ke fase reperfusi. Ekspresi kaspase-3 pada fase praiskemia dan reperfusi pada kedua kelompok tidak berbeda. Namun pada kelompok kurkumin terdapat penurunan ekspresi kaspase-3 yang bermakna pada fase iskemia. Hasil klinis menunjukkan terdapat penurunan suhu lebih rendah dan fungsi ventrikel kanan dan kiri yang lebih baik pada kelompok kurkumin secara bermakna, meskipun tidak ada beda dalam waktu pemakaian ventilasi mekanis dan lama perawatan pada kedua kelompok.
Simpulan: Efek kardioproteksi kurkumin pada cedera iskemia reperfusi pascabedah koreksi TF menghambat jalur JNK dan kaspase-3 yang terjadi pada kardiomiosit, terutama pada fase iskemia. Kurkumin juga memperbaiki fungsi ventrikel kanan dan kiri, serta menurunkan suhu perioperatif.

Background. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during tetralogy of Fallot (TF) corrective surgery has been associated with an intense inflammatory response. The cardioplegia used during surgery and the extraburst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during reperfusion contributes to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Curcumin has been known as a potent scavenger of several types of ROS. It also enhances the activity of antioxidant, such as glutathione (GSH), and suppresses phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Inhibition of NFκB and down regulation of the JNK pathway could be potential mechanisms for controlling inflammatory responses and apoptosis, respectively.
Objectives. To evaluate the protective effects of curcumin as an antioxidant in patients undergoing TF corrective surgery by evaluating the blood levels of MDA and GSH, activity of NFκB and JNK, the presence of caspase-3 (C-3) in the myocardium, and post-operative clinical outcomes.
Methods. TF patients aged 1-6 years who were scheduled for elective corrective surgery were randomized double blind to receive either curcumin (45 mg/day) or placebo orally for 14 days prior to surgery. MDA and GSH levels were evaluated during the pre-ischemia, ischemia, and reperfusion phases, as well as 6 hours after aortic clamping off. Blood specimens were taken directly from the right atrium for the pre-ischemia data and for the 6 hours after aortic clamping off data; and from the coronary sinus for the ischemia and reperfusion data. To assess NFκB, JNK, and C-3, tissue specimens were taken from the infundibulum during the pre-ischemia, ischemia, and reperfusion phase. NFκB and JNK were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods, and C-3 was measured by an immunohistochemical technique. Hemodynamic parameters and ventricular functions were monitored at 6-, 24-, and 48-hours post-surgery, and day 5 post-surgery.
Results. During July 2012-July 2013, 45 patients were included, 22 in the curcumin and 23 in the placebo groups. In the 4 observation phases, MDA and GSH concentrations were similar between treatment groups. Also, there was no significant difference in NFκB activity between the groups for 3 observations. However, in the curcumin group, JNK activity significantly decreased from the pre-ischemia to reperfusion phases compared to the control group. C-3 expression in both the pre-ischemia and reperfusion phases was not significantly different between groups. However, C-3 expression in the curcumin group was significantly lower than placebo in the ischemia phase. Patients in the curcumin group had lower temperature and better right and left ventricular functions, but there were no significant differences in mechanical ventilation, or length of hospital or ICU stay in the two groups.
Conclusion. Cardioprotective effects of curcumin on ischemia reperfusion injury after TF corrective surgery may include inhibition of the JNK pathway and C-3 in cardiomyocytes, particularly in an ischemia phase. Curcumin also improves right and left ventricular functions and lower perioperative temperature.
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Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2014
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UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Sukman Tulus Putra
"DETECTION OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION AS AN
EARLY ATHEROSCLEROSIS MARKER:
Effect of breastfeeding duration on vascular characteristics
and other cardiovascular risk factors
Background. Atherosclerosis already starts to develop in childhood and
adolescence. Breastmilk has been recognized to have some protective effects on
the development of atherosclerosis, but the optimal duration in relation to
cardiovascular risk is largely unknown.
Objective. To investigate the effect of breastfeeding duration on vascular
characteristics and other cardiovascular risk factor levels in adolescence.
Methods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study on adolescents aged 15-18
years old. Breastfeeding duration was inquired using a questionnaire filled by
parents and categorised into 0-<2, 2-<4, 4-<6, 6-<12, and >12 months. Outcomes
assessed were flow mediated dilation (FMD), carotid intima media thickness
(CIMT), anthropometrics, lipid/glucose level, high-sensitive C-reactive protein
(hs-CRP), and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM). Analysis was done using
ANOVA and MANOVA general linear model with cardiovascular risk factors as
the dependent variables and breastfeeding duration as the independent variable
with further adjustment for confounders.
Results. We enrolled 285 subjects. Breastfeeding duration of 4-<6 months was
associated with thinner cIMT and the effect was more prominent after adjustment
for gender and postnatal tobacco exposure (mean difference =24.28 micrometer, P
=0.045). Both in univariable and multivariable analyses, breastfeeding duration of
4-<6 months showed a statistically significant association with waist-to-hip ratio
(0.87 vs. 0.81, P<0,001), but not with FMD, lipid profile, and other cardiovascular
biomarkers.
Conclusions. Breastfeeding duration of 4-<6 months is associated with thinner
IMT and thus has a protective effect on the development of cardiovascular
disease. However the association with FMD and other cardiovascular risk factor
levels in adolescents is less clear

DETEKSI DISFUNGSI ENDOTEL VASKULAR PADA REMAJA
SEBAGAI PENANDA AWAL ATEROSKLEROSIS:
Pengaruh lama pemberian air susu ibu pada masa bayi terhadap fungsi dan
struktur vaskular serta beberapa faktor risiko kardiovaskular lainnya
Latar belakang. Proses terjadinya aterosklerosis telah dimulai sejak masa anak.
Air susu ibu (ASI) diduga memiliki efek protektif terhadap perkembangan
aterosklerosis, tetapi lama pemberian ASI yang optimal terkait risiko
kardiovaskular belum diketahui secara pasti.
Tujuan. Mengetahui pengaruh lama pemberian ASI terhadap karakteristik
pembuluh darah dan faktor risiko kardiovaskular pada masa remaja.
Metodologi. Studi kohort retrospektif terhadap remaja usia 15-18 tahun. Data
mengenai lama pemberian ASI diperoleh dari kuesioner yang diisi oleh orangtua
dan dikelompokkan menjadi 0-<2, 2-<4, 4-<6, 6-<12, dan >12 bulan. Luaran
penelitian adalah flow-mediated dilation (FMD), ketebalan tunika intima media
(KTIM), profil lipid/glukosa darah, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP),
vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) dan ukuran antropometri. Analisis
statistik dilakukan dengan uji ANOVA dilanjutkan dengan MANOVA general
linear model dengan faktor risiko kardiovaskular sebagai variabel dependen dan
lama pemberian ASI sebagai variabel independen dengan memperhitungkan
variabel perancu.
Hasil. 285 subjek diikutsertakan dalam penelitian. Lama menyusui 4-<6 bulan
berhubungan dengan KTIM arteri karotis yang lebih tipis baik analisis bivariat
maupun multivariat (beda rerata 24,28 mikrometer, p=0,045). Rasio lingkar
pinggang terhadap panggul sedikit lebih besar pada remaja dengan lama
pemberian ASI 4<6 bulan dibandingkan kelompok lain (0,87 vs. 0,81, p<0,001).
Lama pemberian ASI tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna dengan FMD
dan faktor risiko kardiovaskular lainnya.
Kesimpulan. Lama pemberian ASI 4-<6 bulan berhubungan dengan KTIM yang
lebih tipis sehingga mempunyai efek protektif terhadap terjadinya penyakit
kardiovaskular. Namun tidak ditemukan hubungan yang nyata antara lama
pemberian ASI dengan FMD dan faktor risiko kardiovaskular lainnya.
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Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2014
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UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Pustika Amalia Wahidiyat
"Latar belakang: Thalassemia dan hemoglobinopati merupakan kelainan gen tunggal terbanyak di dunia, termasuk di Indonesia dengan frekuensi pembawa sifat thalassemia-~ 3-10% dan HbE 1-36%. Thalassemia-WIThE adalah bentuk heterozigot ganda paling sering ditemukan dengan gejala klinis bervariasi, dari asimtomatik sampai berat. Beberapa faktor pemodifikasi telah diketahui memengaruhi manifestasi klinis. Faktanya pasien dengan jenis mutasi sarna dapat memiliki manifestasi klinis berbeda. Hal itu menunjukkan ada faktor pemodifikasi lain yang memengaruhi derajat manifestasi klinis. Tujuan: Meneari faktor-faktor genetik yang memengaruhi manifestasi klinis, antara lain MGP: bg2, bgll dan bg 200 yang diduga berhubungan dengan meningkatnya produksi HbF dan memengaruhi variasi manifestasi klinis. Metode penelitian: Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode belah lintang pada pasien thalassemia-~IHbE yang berobat ke Divisi Hematologi-Onkologi Dept. IKA dan Dept. IPD, RSCM, Lembaga Biomolekular Eijkman Jakarta, serta rumah sakit lain sejak bulan Desember 2006 sampai dengan Oktober 2008. Tahap I mendapatkan 293 subjek, terdiri atas 63 subjek ringan (skor <4), 101 subjek intermedia (skor 4-7,5), dan 129 subjek herat (skor ~7,5). Seluruh subjek menjalani pemeriksaan hematologi termasuk indeks eritrosit, morfologi eritrosit, analisis Hb dan feritin serum. Tahap IT dilakukan pemeriksaan jenis mutasi thalassemia-~, termasuk delesi besar gen globin-~ (HPFH tipe delesi), dan jenis mutasi thalassemia-a (co-inheritance dengan thalassemia-a dan triplikasi rantai globin-a) pada 192 subjek kelompok ringan dan berat. Tahap m dilakukan pemeriksaan HPFH nondelesi (polimorfismeXmnI-Gy) dan SNPs: bg2, bg11 dan bg200 pada 187 subjek kelompok ringan dan berat dengan mutasi-~o dan _~+beJat mumi. Pemeriksaan SNPs dilakukan dengan teknik RDB dan teknik sekuensing langsung. Basil penelitian dan pembabasan: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jenis mutasi thalassemia-~ bukan faktor yang memengaruhi manifestasi klinis, kecuali mutasi IVS 1- nt5 (jenis mutasi-~+bera~ yang berhubungan dengan manifestasi klinis berat (P<0,05). Delesi satu gen globin-a (3.7 kb) berhubungan dengan manifestasi klinis ringan, sedangkan polimorfisme XmnI-G'Y tidak memengaruhi manifestasi klinis. Dari 3 buah SNPs, hanya bg200 yang berhubungan dengan manifestasi klinis (RR: 4,15 (1,22 < RR < 14,17) danp

Background: Thalassemia and hemoglobinopathy are the most common monogenic diseases in the world including Indonesia, with gene frequencies of ~-thalassemia 3-10% and for HbE 1-36%. Compund heterozygote ~-thalassemialHbE is one of the world's most common form, have a wide variation of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to transfusion-dependent. Several major modified genetic factors (MGP) which can influence the phenotype have been reported. The fact that patients with identical p-thalassemia mutations showed different clinical severity. This finding suggests that there are other MGP which contribute to the severity of the diseases. Purpose: To fmd ·several modifying gene factors including SNPs: bg2, bgll and bg200 which had tendency to increase HbF production and influences the clinical manifestations of p-thalassemialHbE. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study to a total 293 subjects with pthalassemia/ HbE patients from Department of Child Health and Department of Internal Medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta and other hospitals from December 2006 until October 2008. Phase I: Subjects were divided into mild (score <4, n=63), intermediate (score 4-7.S, n=101), and severe (score 2: 7.S, n= 129) using Thailand severity scoring. Hematological parameters including CBC, red cell indices and morphology, Hb analysis and serum ferritin were performed. Phase ll: 192 subj ects from mild and severe group were performed to characterize the ~thalassemia mutation, including large deletion of P-globin gene (deletion HPFH) and interaction of 0.thalassemia (deletion, non deletion a-thalassemia and a-globin gene triplication). Phase ill: XmnI-Gy polymorphisms and 3 SNPs: bg2, bgll and bg200 executed from 187 subjects of mild and severe groups with ~o - and ~~ -thalassemia mutation without any gene interaction. SNPs were performed by RDB and direct sequencing. Results: In this study types of p-thalassemia mutation are not the modifying factor contribute to the Clinical manifestation, except the · IVS I-ntS that correlate with severe clinical manifestations (p"
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2009
D1765
UI - Disertasi Open  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Gema Nazri Yanni
"Anak sakit kritis terutama sepsis mengalami degradasi protein yang tinggi, yang memperburuk luaran bila masukan nutrisi tidak adekuat. Kiraan jumlah kebutuhan protein yang ada saat ini ternyata dalam praktiknya kurang dari 90 memenuhi target kebutuhan. Di lain sisi, variasi genetik individu juga memengaruhi luaran. Polimorfisme gen TNF?-308 berhubungan dengan luaran yang buruk berbagai penyakit infeksi dan inflamasi, walaupun hasil yang diperoleh berbeda-beda.Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan nutrisi tinggi protein terhadap prognosis pasien sepsis skor PELOD , lama rawat dan lama pemakaian ventilator, serta menganalisis peran pelbagai faktor yang berperan terhadap skor PELOD, termasuk polimorfisme gen TNF?-308.Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinis randomisasi pada 80 anak sepsis di 4 rumah sakit. Intervensi diberikan asam amino parenteral, yaitu Aminosteril infant 6 untuk usia < 1 tahun dan Aminofusin pediatric 5 untuk usia ge; 1 tahun. Kelompok eksperimental diberikan asam amino 4 g/KgBB/hari, sedangkan kelompok kontrol menerima 2 g/KgBB/hari selama tiga hari, kemudian dilakukan pencatatan skor PELOD pada hari ke-1,2 dan 3, lama hari rawat dan lama pemakaian ventilator. Dilakukan pemeriksaan keseimbangan nitrogen selama tiga hari, pemeriksaan kadar prealbumin hari ke-1 dan ke-3, pemeriksaan kadar TNF-? dan IL-10. Pemeriksaan polimorfisme dengan metode PCR polymerase chain reaction ndash; RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism . Pada kelompok kontrol, diperoleh rerata skor PELOD pada hari ke-1 20,5 10,6 , hari ke-2 19,8 13,8 dan hari ke-3 19,8 15,4 ; median lama rawat 7 hari 3 ndash;19 dan median lama pemakaian ventilator 5 hari 1 ndash;14 . Pada kelompok eksperimental, diperoleh rerata skor PELOD berturut-turut 22,4 10,8 ; 20,5 13,9 ; 18,8 14,5 ; median lama rawat 7 hari 4 ndash;27 dan median lama pemakaian ventilator 4 hari 1 ndash;27 . Tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna skor PELOD, lama rawat dan lama pemakaian ventilator antara 2 kelompok. Diperoleh perbedaan bermakna secara statistik pada keseimbangan nitrogen baik hari ke-1,2, dan 3 p = 0,003; p = 0,016; p = 0,046 . Dari 80 subjek, 6 subjek 7,5 dengan polimorfisme gen TNF?-308 G/A atau heterozigot dan tidak ditemukan homozigot.Tidak ditemukan peran usia, jenis kelamin, status gizi, pemberian nutrisi tinggi protein dan polimorfisme gen TNF?-308 terhadap skor PELOD. Kata kunci: polimorfisme gen TNF?-308, protein tinggi, sepsis

Critically ill children, particularly with sepsis, have high protein degradation which worsens outcome if nutritional intake are inadequate. Currently, the estimated protein requirement is less than 90 target requirement. In addition, individual genetic variation also affects the outcome of these population. Tumor necrosis factor TNF 308 gene polymorphism is associated with poorer outcome of several infectious disease and inflammation, although the results are conflicting.This study aimed to determine the association between high protein nutrition intervention with prognosis of sepsis which is measured by PELOD score, length of stay, and duration of mechanical ventilation use. We also analyze the role of TNF 308 gene polymorphism which contribute to PELOD score.This was a randomized clinical trial in 80 children with sepsis in four hospitals. The interventions were parenteral amino acid, which includes Aminosteril infant 6 for subjects aged below one year and Aminofusin pediatric 5 for subjects aged above one year. Subjects in the experimental group were provided with amino acid 4 g KgBW day while those in the control group were provided with amino acid 2 g KgBW day for three consecutive days. PELOD scores in day 1, 2, 3, length of stay, and duration of mechanical ventilation use, were recorded. Nitrogen balance was measured for three days and prealbumin levels were measured in day 1 and 3. TNF and IL 10 levels were also measured. Polymorphism was measured using polymerase chain reaction PCR ndash restriction fragment length polymorphism RFLP .In the control group, the mean PELOD score on day 1, 2, 3 were 20.5 10.6 , 19.8 13.8 , and 19.8 15.4 , respectively. Median length of stay was 7 3 ndash 19 days and median duration of mechanical ventilation was 5 1 ndash 14 days. In the experimental group, obtained mean PELOD score was 22.4 10.8 20.5 13.9 18.8 14.5 consecutively median length of stay was 7 days 4 ndash 27 and median duration of ventilator use was 4 days 1 ndash 27 . There was no significant difference in PELOD score, length of stay, and duration of mechanical ventilation use between both groups. There was a significant difference in nitrogen balance on day 1, 2, and 3 p 0.003, p 0.016, and p 0.046, respectively . Of the 80 subjects, 6 7.5 subjects with TNF 308 G A gene polymorphism or heterozygotes, and no homozygote was found.Age, gender, nutritional status, provision of high protein nutrients, and TNF 308 gene polymorphism have no significant role in PELOD score. Keywords high protein, sepsis, TNF 308 gene polymorphism.
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Depok: Universitas Indonesia, 2017
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UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library