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"Pada tanggal 10 Juni 2008 yang lalu Biro SDM Bappenas menyelenggarakan diskusi bertema "Internasionalisasi aset budaya bangsa : Berkah atau bencana ?" ...."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini akan menguji dan memeriksa penelitian-penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya mengenai pengaruh budaya di negara asal dan di negara lokasi operasi perusahaan terhadap pilihan dan moda masuknya perusahaan. Hal ini telah menjadi bahan diskusi yang cukup lama, apakah sebenarnya budaya memiliki pengaruh atau tidak terhadap pilihan dan moda masuknya perusahaan, maka dari itu diskusi lebih lanjut mengenai isu ini akan dilakukan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini akan didasarkan oleh literatur-literatur sebelumnya yang berputar di sekitar internasionalisasi, budaya, dan aspek mengenai moda masuknya perusahaan. Hofstede?s cultural dimensions secara khusus akan menjadi dasar dari kebanyakan diskusi dan berdasarkan dimensi-dimensi inilah pertanyaan utama mengenai adanya pengaruh budaya di negara asal dan negara lokasi operasi terhadap pilihan moda masuknya perusahaan dibahas. Dari pertanyaan utama ini, ada beberapa pendapat terkait penjelasan dalam pilihan moda masuknya perusahaan dari perspektif budaya negara asal dan negara lokasi operasi. Namun, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penelitian lebih lanjut tetap dibutuhkan untuk mengerti lebih dalam mengenai hubungan antara budaya dan pilihan moda masuknya perusahaan secara keseluruhan.

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ABSTRACTThis study will examine the prior researches that have been conducted about the effect of the firm?s home culture and the host country?s culture on the firm?s choice of entry mode. This has long been a discussion, of whether culture has any effect on entry mode or not and therefore in this research a further discussion about this issue will be conducted. The research will be based on previous literatures revolving around internationalization, culture, and entry mode aspects. In particular, Hofstede?s cultural dimensions will be the basis of most discussion and based on these dimensions a research question on whether there is an effect of both home and host countries? culture on the choice of entry mode is raised. From this research question, it is argued that there is a proportion of explanation in the choice of entry mode made by firms in internationalizing from the perspective of the firm?s home country?s culture. However it is concluded that further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between culture and entry mode as a whole."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji secara empiris pengaruh strategi integrasi vertikal, strategi diversifikasi dan strategi internasionalisasi terhadap penentuan struktur modal perusahaan di lima negara ASEAN. Investasi dan struktur modal merupakan hasil dari keputusan yang didasarkan pada preferensi risiko manajemen. Perusahaan yang memiliki toleransi tinggi terhadap risiko cenderung memiliki tingkat utang yang lebih tinggi. Overconfidence mengakibatkan CEO memiliki toleransi risiko lebih tinggi karena adanya bias persepsi terhadap risiko dan manfaat dari strategi yang dipilih. Oleh karena itu dalam penelitian ini dilakukan analisis apakah dengan adanya CEO overconfidence dapat memengaruhi strategi perusahaan dan keputusan pendanaannya. Pengujian menggunakan data panel dari 1.038 perusahaan yang berasal dari sektor non-keuangan yang terdaftar di lima negara ASEAN, yaitu Indonesia, Malaysia, Filipina, Singapura dan Thailand.Hasil pengujian menunjukkan strategi perusahaan tidak berpengaruh terhadap struktur modal. Dalam pengujian tambahan yang dilakukan di masing-masing negara menunjukkan bahwa strategi integrasi vertikal berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap tingkat utang pada perusahaan di Filipina. Strategi diversifikasi berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap tingkat utang pada perusahaan di Filipina. Strategi internasionalisasi berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap tingkat utang pada perusahaan di Filipina dan Malaysia. CEO overconfidence tidak berpengaruh terhadap hubungan antara strategi perusahaan dengan struktur modal. Dalam pengujian tambahan yang dilakukan di masing-masing negara menunjukkan bahwa CEO overconfidence terbukti memperlemah pengaruh negatif integrasi vertikal terhadap tingkat utang pada perusahaan di Filipina. CEO overconfidence terbukti memperkuat pengaruh positif strategi diversifikasi terhadap tingkat utang pada perusahaan Indonesia dan Filipina. CEO overconfidence juga terbukti memperkuat pengaruh positif signifikan terhadap tingkat utang pada perusahaan di Indonesia, Malaysia dan Filipina.

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This study aims to empirically examine the associations between vertical integration, diversification, and internationalization with the firms' capital structure in companies five ASEAN countries. Investing and financing decisions are the results of risk preference in managements' decision making. Firms with higher risk tolerance tend to have higher leverage. Overconfidence leads the CEO to have a higher risk preference since there is bias perception related to the risk and benefit of the chosen corporate strategy. Therefore, a further analysis conducted on the role of CEO overconfidence strengthens or weakens the association between a firms' strategies and its capital structure. Hypothesis testing is conducted using panel data regression analysis, the sample consisted of 1.038 listed non financial firms in five ASEAN countries i.e. Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand during 2014-2018.

The result of this study shows that there is no association between firms' strategies and their capital structure decision. In the additional test for each country, it shows that the vertical integration strategy has a negative effect on leverage in Philippine companies. The diversification strategy has a positive effect on leverage in Philippine companies. The internationalization strategy has a positive effect on leverage for companies in the Philippines and Malaysia. CEO overconfidence has no effect on the association between corporate strategies and capital structure decision. In the additional test for each country, it shows that CEO overconfidence is proven to weaken the negative effect of vertical integration on leverage in companies in the Philippines. CEO overconfidence is proven to strengthen the positive influence of diversification strategies on leverage in Indonesian and Philippine companies. CEO overconfidence has also been shown to strengthen the significant positive influence on leverage in companies in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan antara UMKM kepemilikan keluarga dan internasionalisasi. Populasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh UMKM yang terdaftar pada Dinas Perdagangan Perindustrian dan Koperasi Kota Serang tahun 2012-2014 yang melakukan ekspor.Model analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah : ( 1 ) model 1 untuk menentukan pengaruh kepemilikan keluarga terhadap keputusan melakukan ekspor dengan menggunakan regresi logistik, dan ( 2 ) model 2 untuk menentukan pengaruh kepemilikan keluarga terhadap intensitas ekspor dengan menggunakan regresi linear. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan internasionalisasi tidak dapat dijelaskan dengan bentuk kepemilikan keluarga, tetapi pada model 1 dapat dijelaskan oleh variabel kontrol yaitu penjualan yang berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap keputusan ekspor. Pada model 2 variabel yang berpengaruh positif signifikan yaitu penjualan.

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This research analyzed the relationship between family ownership SME?s and internationalization. The population in this study is SMEs who registered in the Department of Industry and Cooperatives Trade in Serang that export in period 2012-2014. The analysis model in this research are: ( 1 ) the model 1 is used to determine the influence of family ownership on the prospensity to export by using logistic regression, and ( 2 ) model 2 is used to determine the influence of family ownership on export intensity by using linear regression.The results showed internationalization can?t be explained by the form of family ownership, but in model 1 can be explained by the control variables of the significant positive effect on the prospensity to export. The sales is the impact of variable in model 2of the significant positive effect."

"The article aims at examining how policy could be transferred as a complex and dynamic process in terms of internationalization and globalization. In addition, it will explore significant channels for the international movement of ideas, policies, and practices through an international policy learning process formed in policy transfer, lesson drawing, policy diffusion, and policy convergence. Further, it is argued that policy transfer literature is increasingly central, leading to the development of related topics in comparative politics and public policy. This article investigates the involvement of non-government organizations, civil society and political issues in driving the learning process about what government should have done and can be learned with common problems. Finally, the article concludes that globalization has challenged the notion of a nation-state system and the autonomy of nation-states by the velocity of change and the dynamic of interstate and intrastate factors in term of policy transfer."

"There are a set of questions that needs to be answered in relation to the Mataram tragedy which has been known as the 'Tragedy One Seven One' (Tragedy Satu Tujuh Satu). One of the question is: if the tragedy has the basis of religious conflict, why did the conflict occur only between the Moslems and the Christians, and not between the Moslems and the Hindus which has a greater number of followers than the Christians? By looking at the main target of the tragedy, the churches, not the individuals, as well as its short duration, a cultural analysis is the most probable way to find relevant answers. The author argues that the Mataram tragedy was not staying apart from the development of an increasing number of churches. The building of Christian churches, their quantity, quality, and geographical distribution was seen as the emergence of the new opposed culture. The latter was perceived as threatening the culture of 'Thousand Mosques', the native ethnic identity, and the majority of the people of Pulau Lombok. In this article, the author examines the culture of 'Thousand Mosques', its relation to the Mataram tragedy."

"Pasca krisis keuangan global 2008, posisi dolar AS sebagai mata uang dominan mulai diperdebatkan. Kombinasi antara peningkatan permintaan pasar dengan peningkatan upaya pemerintah Cina memunculkan narasi internasionalisasi renminbi. Tinjauan literatur ini membahas bagaimana perkembangan literatur mengenai internasionalisasi renminbi. Berdasarkan metode taksonomi, kajian literatur ini terbagi dalam tiga tema besar: (1) kepentingan Cina; (2) proses implementasi; dan (3) reaksi eksternal. Berdasarkan kajian ketiga tema tersebut, tinjauan literatur ini mengidentifikasi internasionalisasi renminbi terdiri dari penyesuaian kepentingan, upaya implementasi, dan evaluasi reaksi. Kajian literatur ini berpendapat bahwa internasionalisasi renminbi terjadi karena karakter hubungan internasional yang cenderung kompetitif. Kondisi ini memicu kepentingan Cina untuk mengubah relasi power dan mempengaruhi sistem moneter internasional. Internasionalisasi renminbi dilakukan dengan pendekatan bertahap dan penyesuaian terhadap karakteristik Cina yang mencerminkan cara-cara yang relatif illiberal. Cina menggunakan offshore renminbi centers sebagai salah satu instrumen pendukung yang mendapat reaksi positif dari aktor-aktor internasional. Selain penggunaan pendekatan sisi penawaran sebagai pendekatan dominan, tinjauan literatur ini juga mengidentifikasi peningkatan pembahasan muncul setelah tahun 2009. Tulisan ini pun menemukan adanya kesenjangan pendekatan maupun kesenjangan empiris pada penggunaan pendekatan sisi permintaan dari aktor internasional.

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After global financial crisis 2008, the position of the US dollar as the dominant currency began to be debated. The combination of increasing market demand and the efforts of the Chinese government led to the narrative of the internatonalization of renminbi. This literature review discusses how the literatures has evolved regarding the internationalization of the renminbi. Based on the taxonomy method, this literature review is divided into three major themes: (1) China`s interest; (2) implementation process; and (3) external reactions. Based on the study of the three themes, this literature review identifies internationalization of the renminbi consisting of interest adjustment, implementation efforts, and evaluation of reactions. This literature review argues that internationalization of the renminbi occurs because the character of international relations tends to be competitive. This condition encouraged China to change power relations and influence the international monetary system. Internationalization of the renminbi is done in a gradual approach and by adjusting to Chinese characteristics which reflect relatively illiberal ways. China uses offshore renminbi centers as one of the supporting instrument that received a positive responses from international actors. Besides using the supply-side approach as the dominant approach, this literature review also identifies an increase in discussion arising after 2009. This paper also finds approach gap and empicial gap in the use of the demand-side approach of international actors."