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"ABSTRAKProsedur insersi intravena merupakan prosedur yang paling ditakuti dan memberipengalaman nyeri tingkat sedang sampai berat pada anak. Nyeri yang tidakteratasi dapat berdampak negatif pada anak. Manajemen nyeri berupa posisinyaman diperlukan oleh anak yang memperoleh prosedur insersi intravena.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak posisi duduk dalam pelukanorang tua terhadap nyeri anak selama prosedur insersi intravena. Penelitian inimenggunakan metode Randomized Clinical Trial yang melibatkan 34 respondenanak usia 1-4 tahun yang masuk dalam kelompok intervensi dan kontrol. Hasilanalisis data menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney menunjukkan adanya perbedaanskor nyeri yang signifikan antara kelompok intervensi dan kontrol (nilai p=0,000;α=0,05). Posisi duduk dalam pelukan orang tua dapat diterapkan sebagai strategimanajemen nyeri nonfarmakologi pada anak yang mendapatkan prosedur insersiintravena di unit gawat darurat.

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ABSTRACTIntravenous insertion procedure is the most feared procedure and provides amoderate to severe pain experience in children. Unresolved pain can have anegative impact on the child. Pain management such as comfortable position isrequired by a child who has obtained an intravenous insertion procedure. Thisstudy aims to determine the effect of sitting position in the parent's hold to thechild's pain during intravenous insertion procedure. This research usesRandomized Clinical Trial method involving 34 respondents aged 1-4 years oldwho are included in the intervention and control group. The result of data analysisusing Mann-Whitney test showed that there were significant difference of painscore between intervention group and control (p value 0,000 with α=0.05). Asitting position in a parent's hold can be applied as nonpharmacologic painmanagement to a child receiving intravenous insertion procedures in theemergency department."

"Fungsi sistem tubuh salah satunya tergantung pada keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit. Ketidakseimbangan cairan elektrolit seperti dehidrasi, hidrasi berlebihan, kekurangan garam dan air berhubungan erat dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas anak. Karya ilmiah akhir ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan aplikasi teori Comfort Kolcaba pada anak dengan gangguan kebutuhan cairan. Teori ini diaplikasikan pada 5 pasien dan bertujuan untuk tercapainya peningkatan kenyamanan pasien. Kebutuhan kenyamanan dikaji berdasarkan konteks fisik, psikospiritual, lingkungan, dan sosiokultural. Intervensi kenyamanan diberikan sesuai dengan kebutuhan kenyamanan pasien yang meliputi standart of comfort, coaching, dan comfort food for the soul. Penerapan Evidence Based Nursing posisi duduk dalam pelukan orang tua merupakan intervensi yang mampu meningkatkan kenyamanan fisik dan emosional anak dengan gangguan kebutuhan cairan.

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The function of body system depends on fluid and electrolyte balance. Electrolyte and fluid imbalances such as dehydration, over hydration, poor of salt and water are related to childhood morbidity and mortality. This study aims to describe the application of Kolcaba 39;s Comfort Theory of children with fluid imbalance. This theory is applied to 5 patients and aims to achieve enhance of comfort. Comfort needs are assessed based on physical, psychospiritual, environmental, and sociocultural contexts. Comfort interventions are gived according to comfort needs. Types of comfort intervention are standard of comfort, coaching, and comfort food for the soul. An intervention of the sitting position in a parent 39;s hold is a application of evidence based nursing that is able to improve the physical and emotional comfort of children with fluid imbalance. "

"Latar belakang: Anestesia obstetrik termasuk anestesia yang memiliki risiko tinggi dalam praktik anestesia. Perubahan fisiologi ibu selama kehamilan dan keberadaan janin merupakan tantangan yang unik untuk anestesia obstetrik. Baik kehamilan normal maupun obesitas, sama-sama mengalami perubahan anatomi dan fisiologi yang signifikan dan pengaruh anestesi yang hampir sama. Belum ada penelitian sebelumnya yang membandingkan tingkat keberhasilan insersi jarum spinal dalam posisi duduk bersila antara ibu hamil obes maupun ibu hamil bukan obes yang menjalani seksio sesarea. Penelitian ini dilakukan di RSCM dan RSU Tangerang antara bulan Juli sampai Agustus 2016. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan tingkat keberhasilan insersi jarum spinal pada posisi duduk bersila antara ibu hamil obes dan ibu hamil bukan obes yang menjalani seksio sesarea. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan open label study yaitu uji klinis terbuka dimana perlakuan sama-sama diketahui oleh subjek maupun pelaku anestesia. Ibu hamil yang menjalani seksio sesarea dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu obes O dan bukan obes NO . Pada keduanya dilakukan insersi jarum spinal dalam posisi duduk bersila. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan penilaian tingkat keberhasilan insersi jarum spinal, persentase keberhasilan insersi jarum spinal, banyaknya kontak jarum spinal dengan tulang, dan kekerapan tusukan pembuluh darah. Hasil: Dari136 subjek penelitian, tidak ada yang termasuk kriteria penolakan dan pengeluaran. Keberhasilan insersi jarum spinal pada kelompok NO adalah 47 subjek 69,12 dan pada kelompok O 45 subjek 66,18. Secara statistik tidak berbeda bermakna antara kelompok NO dan kelompok O pada tingkat keberhasilan insersi jarum spinal p=0,714, jumlah kontak jarum spinal dengan tulang p=0,591, dan kekerapan tertusuknya pembuluh darah pada waktu insersi jarum spinal p=0,282. Simpulan: Tingkat keberhasilan insersi jarum spinal yang dilakukan dalam posisi duduk bersila pada ibu hamil bukan obes tidak lebih baik jika dibandingkan pada ibu hamil obes.

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Background: Obstetric anesthesia is high risk in practice. The physiological changes during pregnancy and fetal wellbeing are unique challenges posed for obstetric anesthesia. Significant changes in anatomy and physiology along with anesthesia considerations are similar in normal and obese pregnancy. Up to this day, there are no studies comparing successful spinal needle insertion rate in cross legged sitting position between obese and non obese parturient undergoing caesarean section. This study was done in RSCM and RSU Tangerang between July August 2016.

Aim: This study aims to compare successful rate of spinal needle insertion in cross legged sitting position between obese and non obese parturient undergoing caesarean section.

Method: This was an open label study, which was an open clinical trial where treatment was known by subjects and anesthesiologist. Parturient undergoing caesarean section were categorized into two groups, which were obese O and non obese NO. Both of the groups had spinal needle insertion in cross legged sitting position. In this study, the variables assessed were the rate of successful spinal needle insertion, the percentage of successful spinal needle insertion, the frequency of spinal needle contact with bone, and the frequency of vein puncture.

Result: All 136 subjects were included in the analysis. The rate of successful spinal needle insertion in the NO group was 47 subjects 69.12 and 45 subjects in the O group 66.18. This result was not statistically significant p 0.714, along with the frequency of spinal needle contact with bone p 0.591 , and the frequency of vein puncture during spinal needle insertion p 0.282.

Conclusion: The rate of successful spinal needle insertion in cross legged sitting position on non obese parturient was not better than on obese parturient.Key Words Spinal needle insertion, cross legged sitting position, obese and non obese parturient, bone contact, vein puncture."

"Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan campur kode dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris yang digunakan dalam acara "Welcome to BCA" di Metro TV. Dalam campur kode, penutur mengganti bentuk-bentuk linguistis dari bahasa satu ke bahasa yang lain secara bergantian. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi jenis proses campur kode dan unsur-unsur bahasa Inggris yang masuk dalam ujaran. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan, ditemukan bahwa dalam percakapan tersebut terdapat ketiga jenis proses campur kode, yaitu penyisipan, alternasi, dan leksikalisasi kongruen. Selain itu dalam penelitian ini ditemukan pula bahwa unsur-unsur bahasa Inggris yang masuk dalam ujaran didominasi oleh nomina dan frasa nominal. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa campur kode tersebut tidak terjadi secara acak, tetapi mengikuti kecenderungan tertentu.

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This research deals with code mixing in Bahasa Indonesia and English which is used in "Welcome to BCA" show on Metro TV. Code mixing here is defined as a condition when a speaker changes the linguistic forms of one language into another language. The aims of this research are to identify the types of code mixing process and the items of English that insert the utterances. Based on the analysis, it is found that there are three types of code mixing process in the utterances; insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization. Furthermore, it is found that noun and noun phrase of English are the most common items which insert Indonesian utterances. The findings show that the code mixing in Bahasa Indonesia and English is not random but follows certain patterns."

"New approaches to knot insertion and deletion are presented in this unique, detailed approach to understanding, analyzing, and rendering B-spline curves and surfaces. Computer scientists, mechanical engineers, and programmers and analysts involved in CAD and CAGD will find innovative, practical applications using the blossoming approach to knot insertion, factored knot insertion, and knot deletion, as well as comparisons of many knot insertion algorithms. This book also serves as an excellent reference guide for graduate students involved in computer aided geometric design."

"Dekapan keluarga dan pemberian posisi duduk merupakan alternatif untuk membuat nyaman selama dilakukan tindakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dekapan keluarga dan posisi duduk terhadap distress anak saat dilakukan pemasangan infus. Jenis penelitian kuasi eksperiman dengan sampel 30 anak usia prasekolah dan usia sekolah. Tehnik pengambilan sampel adalah purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan rata-rata score distress pada anak yang diberi dekapan keluarga dan posisi duduk saat pemasangan infus sebesar 2,30 dan rata-rata score distress pada anak yang tidak diberi dekapan keluarga dan posisi duduk saat pemasangan infus sebesar 3,25. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan ada pengaruh dekapan keluarga dan pemberian posisi duduk terhadap distress anak yang dilakukan pemasangan infus (p: 0,025). Dekapan dan pemberian posisi duduk pada anak yang dilakukan pemasangan infus dapat diterapkan sebagai salah satu intervensi keperawatan untuk menurunkan distress anak usia prasekolah dan usia sekolah.

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Family holding and proper sitting position are an alternative provision to make comfortable while treatment. This research proposed to determine The Impact of Family Embrace and Children Sitting Position to avoid distress while infusing. Type of quasi-experimental study with a sample of 30 preschoolers and school age. Sampling technique was purposive sampling. The results of this research shows that the average distress score to the children who have family embrace and proper sitting position while infusion is 2,30 and the average distress score to the children who don't have family embrace and proper sitting position while infusion is 3,25. Examination statistic results shows there is effect of family embrace and proper sitting position avoid the distress children during infusion (p: 0,025). Embracing and proper sitting position of children during infusion is applicable as a nursing intervention to avoid distress preschoolers and school age."

"ABSTRAKDiberikan sebuah graph terhubung tak berarah G = (V,E). Didefinisikan bahwa pohon bentukan T adalah suatu subgraph dari graph G yang mengandung semua simpul dari graph yang merupakan pohon. Diameter dari pohon bentukan T adalah jarak maksimum antara dua simpul sembarang dalam pohon. Dalam tugas akhir ini dibahas tentang bagaimana mendapatkan sebuah Pohon Bentukan Berdiameter Minimum (PBDM) dari sekumpulan n simpul. Untuk menyel esaikan masalah tersebut dibutuhkan waktu O(n3)"

"[ABSTRAKPengambilan darah intravena dapat menimbulkan stres pada anak, sementaramanajemen stres belum optimal dilaksanakan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahuiefektivitas posisi duduk dalam dekapan keluarga terhadap stres anak prasekolah yangdilakukan pengambilan darah intravena. Desain penelitian Randomized Clinical Trialdengan 18 responden kelompok intervensi (posisi duduk dalam dekapan keluarga) dan18 responden kelompok kontrol (posisi supine). Pengukuran stres menggunakanChildren?s Fear Scale diinterpretasi melalui hasil rekaman video. Hasil menunjukkanrerata skor stres pada kelompok intervensi lebih rendah dari kelompok kontrol (p value< 0,05) dan tidak terdapat hubungan antara karakteristik anak dengan skor stres.Penelitian ini merekomendasikan perawat menerapkan posisi duduk dalam dekapankeluarga di setiap prosedur pengambilan darah intravena.

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ABSTRACTIntravenous blood collection may cause stress in children, while stress managementwas not optimally implemented. The purpose of study is to examine the effect of chestto chest straddle position on preschoolers stress during intravenous blood collectionprocedure. Study used Randomized Clinical Trial research design, where 18respondents in intervention groups (chest to chest straddle position) and 18 respondentsin control groups (supine position). Measuring stress using the Children's Fear Scalethrough video recorded. The result showed mean scores of stress in the interventiongroup significantly lower than the control group (p value < 0,05) and there was nocorrelation between characteristics of respondent and stress. Research recommend nursemay apply chest to chest straddle position in every procedure of intravenous bloodcollection.;Intravenous blood collection may cause stress in children, while stress managementwas not optimally implemented. The purpose of study is to examine the effect of chestto chest straddle position on preschoolers stress during intravenous blood collectionprocedure. Study used Randomized Clinical Trial research design, where 18respondents in intervention groups (chest to chest straddle position) and 18 respondentsin control groups (supine position). Measuring stress using the Children's Fear Scalethrough video recorded. The result showed mean scores of stress in the interventiongroup significantly lower than the control group (p value < 0,05) and there was nocorrelation between characteristics of respondent and stress. Research recommend nursemay apply chest to chest straddle position in every procedure of intravenous bloodcollection.;Intravenous blood collection may cause stress in children, while stress managementwas not optimally implemented. The purpose of study is to examine the effect of chestto chest straddle position on preschoolers stress during intravenous blood collectionprocedure. Study used Randomized Clinical Trial research design, where 18respondents in intervention groups (chest to chest straddle position) and 18 respondentsin control groups (supine position). Measuring stress using the Children's Fear Scalethrough video recorded. The result showed mean scores of stress in the interventiongroup significantly lower than the control group (p value < 0,05) and there was nocorrelation between characteristics of respondent and stress. Research recommend nursemay apply chest to chest straddle position in every procedure of intravenous bloodcollection., Intravenous blood collection may cause stress in children, while stress managementwas not optimally implemented. The purpose of study is to examine the effect of chestto chest straddle position on preschoolers stress during intravenous blood collectionprocedure. Study used Randomized Clinical Trial research design, where 18respondents in intervention groups (chest to chest straddle position) and 18 respondentsin control groups (supine position). Measuring stress using the Children's Fear Scalethrough video recorded. The result showed mean scores of stress in the interventiongroup significantly lower than the control group (p value < 0,05) and there was nocorrelation between characteristics of respondent and stress. Research recommend nursemay apply chest to chest straddle position in every procedure of intravenous bloodcollection.]"

"Karakteristik emosi anak berbeda di setiap posisinya dalam keluarga (sulung, tengah, bungsu, tunggal) yang juga dipengaruhi oleh pola asuhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan posisi anak dalam keluarga dan pola asuh orang tua dengan status emosi anak. Desain penelitian ini adalah korelatif bivariat dengan pendekatan potong lintang terhadap 64 orang tua anak usia prasekolah di PAUD Kelurahan Karet, Jakarta Selatan, yang dipilih dengan teknik cluster sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah CCNES untuk menggambarkan pola asuh orang tua dan modifikasi instrumen yang menggambarkan status emosi anak prasekolah. Penelitian ini menghasilkan tidak adanya hubungan posisi anak dalam keluarga (p = 0,921) dan pola asuh orang tua (p = 0,426) dengan status emosi anak. Pemberian edukasi oleh perawat anak, komunitas, ataupun keluarga sangat diharapkan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman orang tua terkait reaksi suportif terhadap emosi anak.

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Child's emotions characteristics were different in each position in the family (oldest, middle, youngest, single) that also influenced by nurturing. This study aims to determine the relationship of the ordinal position within family and nurturing to child's emotional status. This study is bivariate correlation with cross sectional to 64 parents of preschoolers in early childhood schools, Kelurahan Karet, South Jakarta, selected by cluster sampling technique. The instruments used were CCNES to describe nurturing and modified instrument that describe the child‟s emotional status. This study result in that the relationship of birth order (p=0,921) and nurturing (p=0,421) with child's emotional status. Improve the delivery of education by pediatric, community, or family of nursing is expected to increase understanding of parents about supportive reaction to their children."

"Nyeri pada anak kanker berdampak jangka panjang dan jangka pendek. Sebagian besar orang tua tidak mengetahui cara mengkaji nyeri pada anak dan belum menggunakan skala nyeri yang sesuai dengan usia anak untuk mengukur nyeri. Pendidikan kesehatan tentang manajemen nyeri yang diberikan kepada pasien belum terstruktur sehingga informasi yang diberikan tidak optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dampak intervensi edukasi terhadap pengetahuan, sikap dan keterampilan orang tua dalam mengelola nyeri pada anak dengan kanker. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan kuasi eksperimen dengan one grup pre test post test. Sampel berjumlah 29 orang di RSAB Harapan kita dan RSPAD Gatot Soebroto yang diambil secara consecutive sampling. Analisis data menggunakan McNemar dan Uji Chi Square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan dalam aspek pengetahuan, sikap dan keterampilan orang tua dalam mengelola nyeri pada anak sebelum dan sesudah pendidikan kesehatan (pengetahuan, p=0,001; Sikap, p=0,001 dan keterampilan, p<0,001). Karakteristik orang tua yang berhubungan dengan pengetahuan dan sikap adalah pengalaman manajemen nyeri. Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini adalah pendidikan kesehatan tentang mengelola nyeri pada anak sebaiknya dilakukan secara intensif.

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Pain in children suffers from cancer gives effect in short term and long term. Most parents do not know how to assess pain in children. They have not used a pain scale based on children age to measure pain. Health education pain management has not been structured for patients so the given information is not optimal.

This study aims to identify the impact of education intervention to the parent's knowledge, attitudes, and skills in managing pain of children suffers from cancer. This study used a quasi-experimental with one group pretest-posttest. The sample was 29 people in RSAB Harapan Kita and Gatot Subroto Army Hospital, taken by consecutive sampling. The data was analyzed by McNemar and Chi Square.

The results showed a significant difference in the aspect of knowledge, attitudes and skills of parent in the pain management of children before and after health education (knowledge, p = 0.001; Attitudes, p = 0.001 and skill, p < 0.001). Characteristics of parents associated with the knowledge and attitudes who have children suffers from cancer is pain management experience. Recommendation for this study is the health education about pain management should be carried out intensively."