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"Kekerasan berpacaran merupakan kekerasan yang paling banyak ditemui pada dewasa muda di Indonesia pada tahun 2019. Pengalaman masa kecil yang buruk merupakan faktor risiko yang mempengaruhi terjadinya kekerasan dalam berpacaran. Salah satu yang diduga menjembatani kedua varibel ini adalah anxious attachment. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui apakah anxious attachment memediasi pengalaman masa kecil yang buruk dengan kekerasan dalam berpacaran pada dewasa muda. Partisipan dalam penelitian  ini berjumlah 345 orang dengan rata-rata usia 21.56 tahun. Pengalaman masa kecil yang buruk diukur dengan Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form, kekerasan dalam berpacaran diukur dengan Conflict Tactics Scales Revised Short Form dan anxious attachment diukur dengan Short Form Experience in Close Relationships- Revised. Hasil analisis menggunakan analisis mediasi menjelaskan bahwa anxious attachment memediasi hubungan antara pengalaman masa kecil yang buruk dengan kekerasan dalam berpacaran subskala injury pada dewasa muda (ab=0.0069,SE=0.0,99%, CI[0.0024, 0.0134]). Anxious attachment tidak memediasi pengalaman masa kecil yang buruk dengan kekerasan dalam berpacaran subskala psychological aggression, sexual coercion, physical assault dan negotiation. Kesimpulan penelitian menjelaskan bahwa semakin sering pengalaman masa kecil yang buruk dialami seseorang, semakin tinggi anxious attachment seseorang yang kemudian mengarahkan pada meningkatnya kekerasan dalam berpacaran subskala injury pada dewasa muda. Penelitian selanjutnya diharapkan dapat menggunakan instrumen tambahan seperti wawancara.

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Dating violence was the most common type of violence happened to young adult in Indonesia in 2019. Adverse Childhood Experience is a risk factor that influence the development dating violence. Anxious attachment is postulated to mediate these two variables. The purpose of this study was to examinate whether anxious attachment mediates the relationship between adverse childhood experience and dating violence in young adulthood. The study was conducted on 345 participants with average age 21.56. Adverse Childhood Experience measured by Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form, dating violence were measured by Conflict Tactics Scales Revised Short Form and anxious attachment measured by Short Form Experience in Close Relationships-Revised. The result  analysis using mediation analysis showed that anxious attachment significantly mediated the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experience and dating violence subscale injury in young adulthood (ab=0.0069,SE=0.0,99%, CI[0.0024, 0.0134]). Anxious attachment not mediate dating violence subscale  psychological aggression, sexual coercion, physical assault and negotiation. The research conclusion proves that the more often Adverse Childhood Experience happened, the higher the anxious attachment, which leads to increased dating violence subscale injury in young adulthood. Future research are suggested to add additional instrument such as interviews."

"Perkembangan teknologi menyediakan sarana baru untuk melakukan kekerasan dalam hubungan romantis, yang disebut sebagai cyber intimate partner aggression (CIPA), yang kerap kali terjadi pada usia dewasa muda. Penelitian terdahulu menemukan bahwa anxious attachment berhubungan dengan CIPA dan adverse childhood experience (ACE), yang merupakan prediktor kuat dari CIPA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat peran mediasi anxious attachment dalam hubungan antara ACE dan CIPA pada individu dewasa muda di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan 3 instrumen penelitian, yaitu (1) Cyber Aggression in Relationship Scale (CARS; Watkins et al., 2018) untuk mengukur CIPA; (2) Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF; Bernstein et al., 2003) untuk mengukur ACE; dan (3) Experience in Close Relationship Scale-Revised 18 (ECR-R-18; Margaretha, 2020; Wongparkan & Wongparkan, 2012) untuk mengukur anxious attachment. Sampel penelitian ini berasal dari 941 partisipan dengan rata-rata usia 22.7 tahun, yang sedang atau pernah menjalani hubungan romantis serta menggunakan teknologi untuk menjalani hubungan romantis. Hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa ACE dapat memprediksi perilaku CIPA secara signifikan dan positif. Hasil analisis mediasi juga menunjukkan bahwa anxious attachment berperan sebagai mediator parsial dalam hubungan ACE dan CIPA. Penelitian ini memiliki implikasi pada pengembangan usaha preventif dan intervensi CIPA.

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Technology developments have resulted in a new form of violence often occurring in young adult romantic relationships, namely cyber intimate partner aggression (CIPA). While previous findings show anxious attachment and adverse childhood experience (ACE) as strong predictors of CIPA, this study aims to look at the mediating role of anxious attachment in the relationship between ACE and CIPA in young adults in Indonesia. This study uses 3 research instruments, namely (1) Cyber ??Aggression in Relationship Scale (CARS; Watkins et al., 2018) to measure CIPA; (2) Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF; Bernstein et al., 2003) to measure ACE; and (3) Experience in Close Relationship Scale-Revised 18 (ECR-R-18; Margaretha, 2020; Wongparkan & Wongparkan, 2012) to measure anxious attachment. This study takes samples from 941 participants with an average age of 22.7 years who are currently or have previously been committed in a romantic relationship. The results of the regression analysis shows that ACE can predict CIPA behavior significantly and positively. The results of the mediation analysis also show that anxious attachment acts as a partial mediator in the relationship between ACE and CIPA. This research has implications for the development of CIPA preventive and intervention efforts."

"Salah satu jenis kekerasan dengan kasus yang meningkat setiap tahunnya adalah kekerasan dalam berpacaran. Pengalaman buruk masa kecil diketahui menjadi salah satu faktor risiko dari kekerasan dalam berpacaran. Namun, terdapat faktor lain yang diduga dapat memoderasi hubungan antara pengalaman buruk masa kecil dan kekerasan dalam berpacaran, yaitu self-compassion. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui peran self-compassion sebagai moderator antara pengalaman buruk masa kecil dan kekerasan dalam berpacaran dari sudut pandang korban. Partisipan berjumlah 102 dewasa awal (77.5% perempuan, M usia = 21.9, SD = 2.012) yang sedang berada dalam hubungan berpacaran selama minimal satu tahun. Pengalaman buruk masa kecil diukur menggunakan Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form (CTQ-SF), kekerasan dalam berpacaran diukur menggunakan The Revised Conflict Tactics Scale Short Form (CTS2-SF), dan self-compassion diukur menggunakan Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Berdasarkan analisis moderasi menggunakan PROCESS Macro, ditemukan bahwa pengalaman buruk masa kecil memprediksi kekerasan dalam berpacaran secara signifikan (b = -0.303, t(97) = -2.563, p < 0.05) dan self-compassion memoderasi hubungan keduanya secara signifikan (b = 0.091, t(97) = 2.728,p < 0.05). Selain itu ditemukan pula bahwa self-compassion secara mandiri memprediksi kekerasan dalam berpacaran secara signifikan (b = -1.577, t (97) = -2.201, p < 0.05). Demikian, penelitian ini menunjukkan pentingnya peran self-compassion sebagai faktor protektif dari kekerasan dalam berpacaran.

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Dating violence cases increase every year. Adverse childhood experiences is known to be one factor that causes dating violence. However, there is another factor that might moderate the correlation between adverse childhood experiences and dating violence: self-compassion. This study aims to determine the role of self-compassion as a moderator between adverse childhood experiences and dating violence from the victim's perspective. There were 102 emerging adults (77.5% female, M age = 21.9, SD = 2.012) in a dating relationship for at least one year as participants. Adverse childhood experiences was measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form (CTQ-SF), dating violence was measured using The Revised Conflict Tactics Scale Short Form (CTS2-SF), and self-compassion was measured using the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Based on moderation analysis using PROCESS Macro, the result shows that adverse childhood experiences significantly predicted dating violence (b = -0.303, t(97) = -2.563, p < 0.05) and self-compassion significantly moderated the correlation between the two (b = 0.091, t(97) = 2.728, p < 0.05). Furthermore, self-compassion significantly predicted dating violence (b = -1.577, t(97) = -2.201, p < 0.05). Thus, this study shows the importance of self-compassion as a protective factor from dating violence."

"Penelitian sebelumnya menemukan bahwa pengalaman masa kecil yang buruk dapat berdampak terhadap penggunaan strategi resolusi konflik destruktif dalam hubungan romantis seseorang. Akan tetapi, belum banyak literatur yang menjelaskan mekanisme antara kedua variabel tersebut. Penelitian ini menguji peran disorganized attachment sebagai mediator antara kedua variabel. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 172 orang yang memiliki rentang usia 18-25 tahun yang pernah mengalami pengalaman masa kecil yang buruk dan sedang menjalin hubungan romantis selama minimal 6 bulan. Penelitian ini menggunakan Conflict Resolution Strategy Inventory untuk mengukur strategi resolusi konflik destruktif yang terdiri dari 2 dimensi yaitu conflict engagement dan withdrawal, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form untuk mengukur pengalaman masa kecil yang buruk, dan Adult Disorganized Attachment untuk mengukur disorganized attachment. Melalui analisis mediasi ditemukan bahwa disorganized attachment secara signifikan memediasi hubungan antara pengalaman masa kecil yang buruk dan resolusi konflik destruktif, baik conflict engagement ab1 = 0,009, SE = 0,005, 95% CI [0,0014, 0,0223] dan withdrawal ab2 = 0,0095, SE = 0,0051, 95% CI 0,002, 0,022. Semakin buruk pengalaman masa kecil yang dialami oleh partisipan, maka semakin tinggi tingkat disorganized attachment, yang kemudian mempengaruhi penggunaan resolusi konflik destruktif, baik conflict engagement maupun withdrawal. Diskusi dan saran penelitian dibahas di bagian akhir.

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Previous research has found that adverse childhood experiences ACEs are related to destructive conflict resolution style in emerging adult romantic relationships. However, the pathway between the two variables has not been widely studied. This study aimed to examine the role of disorganized attachment as mediator between the two variables. Participants of this study consisted of 172 individuals with experiences of childhood maltreatment, whose ages ranged between 18-25 years and were currently in a relationship for at least 6 months. The Conflict Resolution Strategy Inventory was used to measure destructive conflict resolution which consisted of two dimensions: conflict engagement and withdrawal, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form was used to measure ACEs, and Adult Disorganized Attachment was used to measure disorganized attachment. Mediation analysis results showed that disorganized attachment significantly mediated the relationship between ACEs and destructive conflict resolution, for both conflict engagement ab1 = 0,009, SE = 0,005, 95% CI [0,0014, 0,0223 and withdrawal ab2 = 0,0095, SE = 0,0051, 95% CI 0,002, 0,022]. Higher levels ACEs were related to higher disorganized attachment, which in turn was associated with usage of destructive conflict resolution, both conflict engagement and withdrawal. Discussion and suggestion are discussed at the end of the paper."

"Penelitian tentang kekerasan berpacaran siber masih terbatas walaupun hubungan romantis yang dijalin secara online sudah umum. Salah satu faktor risiko dari kekerasan dalam berpacaran adalah pengalaman buruk masa kecil. Selain itu, regulasi emosi diketahui berhubungan dengan meningkatnya perlakuan dan kemungkinan menjadi korban kekerasan dalam berpacaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengalaman buruk masa kecil terhadap kekerasan dalam berpacaran siber dan kemampuan regulasi emosi sebagai moderator hubungan di antara keduanya. Dalam penelitian ini kekerasan berpacaran siber diukur melalui kedua sisi yaitu sisi pelaku dan juga korban. Partisipan berjumlah 117 dewasa muda Indonesia (64.8% perempuan, M usia = 20,22, SD = 1,925). Ditemukan bahwa pengalaman buruk masa kecil memprediksi kekerasan berpacaran siber dari sisi pelaku (b = 0.252, t(117) = 4.060, p < 0.05) dan regulasi emosi bukan merupakan moderator yang signifikan (b = 0.001, t(117) = 0.381, p > 0.05). Pengalaman buruk masa kecil juga ditemukan memprediksi kekerasan berpacaran siber dari sisi korban (b = 0.341 , t(117) = 4.764, p < 0.05) dan regulasi emosi bukan merupakan moderator yang signifikan (b = -0.000, t(117) = ,0.042, p > 0.05). Hasil ini menekankan hubungan antara pengalaman buruk masa kecil dengan kekerasan dalam berpacaran dalam konteks siber.

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Research related to cyber dating abuse is still limited even though online romantic relationships are common. One of the risk factors for dating violence is adverse childhood experiences. In addition, emotion regulation is known to be associated with increased perpetration and the likelihood of being a victim of dating violence. This study aims to determine the effect of adverse childhood experiences on cyber dating abuse and emotion regulation as a moderator. Cyber dating abuse is measured through perpetrator's side and also the victim's side. Participants totalled 117 emerging adults (64.8% female, M age = 20.22, SD = 1.925). It was found that adverse childhood experiences predict cyber dating abuse from the perpetrator's side (b = 0.252, t(117) = 4.060, p < 0.05) and emotion regulation is not a significant moderator (b = 0.001, t( 117) = 0.381, p > 0.05). Adverse childhood experiences were also found to predict cyber dating abuse from the victim side (b = 0.341 , t(117) = 4.764, p < 0.05) and emotion regulation was not a significant moderator (b = -0.000, t(117) = 0.042, p > 0.05). These results emphasize the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and dating violence in cyber context.

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"Pembentukan hubungan romantis pada usia dewasa muda sangat penting karena pada usia ini individu cenderung mencari pasangan untuk seumur hidup. Keberfungsian keluarga asal individu merupakan salah satu faktor penting dalam mempengaruhi kepuasan hubungan berpacaran dengan melalui faktor individual, seperti tipe attachment yang dimiliki individu dengan pasangannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat peran tipe attachment dalam memediasi hubungan antara keberfungsian keluarga dan kepuasan hubungan pada dewasa muda yang berpacaran. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian korelasional. Data diperoleh dari kuesioner yang disebarkan secara daring. Pengukuran variabel pada penelitian ini menggunakan alat ukur Family Assessment Device (FAD) untuk mengukur keberfungsian keluarga, Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) untuk mengukur kepuasan hubungan dan Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-Revised (ECR-R) untuk mengukur attachment. Responden pada penelitian ini berjumlah 824 responden berusia 18-36 tahun dan sedang berpacaran minimal selama 6 bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberfungsian keluarga dapat memprediksi kepuasan hubungan pada dewasa muda yang berpacaran. Selain itu, tipe attachment, baik anxious attachment maupun avoidant attachment dapat memediasi hubungan antara keberfungsian keluarga dan kepuasan hubungan pada dewasa muda yang berpacaran.

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The formation of romantic relationships in young adulthood is very important because they tend to find a partner to live with. The functioning of the individual's family of origin is an important factor in influencing the relationship satisfaction, which through individual factors, such as the attachment that individual has with their partner. This study aims to look at the role of attachment in mediating the relationship between family functioning and relationship satisfaction in young adults. This study is a correlational study. Data were obtained from online questionnaires. This study used three measurement tools, Family Assessment Device (FAD) to measure family functioning, Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) to measure relationship satisfaction and Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-Revised (ECR-R) to measure attachment. There were 824 respondents aged 18-36 years and have been in a romantic relationship for at least 6 months. The results showed that family functioning can predict relationship satisfaction in young adults. Moreover, attachment types, both anxious attachment and avoidant attachment, can mediate the relationship between family functioning and relationship satisfaction in young adults."

"Menjalin hubungan romantis adalah salah satu tugas perkembangan yang khas dari dewasa muda. Hubungan romantis yang memuaskan, berkaitan dengan berbagai dampak positif dan dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, salah satunya pola attachment. Berbagai penelitian sebelumnya telah dilakukan untuk menjelaskan mekanisme yang mendasari hubungan yang kuat antara pola attachment dan kepuasan hubungan. Selain dipengaruhi oleh attachment, kepuasan hubungan juga dipengaruhi oleh self-compassion yang dapat memfasilitasi individu untuk bersikap positif di dalam hubungan romantisnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah self-compassion memediasi hubungan antara pola attachment (avoidant dan anxious attachment) dengan kepuasan hubungan romantis pada dewasa muda yang berpacaran. Penelitian kuantitatif ini memiliki sampel partisipan sebanyak 441 dewasa muda (18-30 tahun). Pola attachment diukur menggunakan Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised; self-compassion dengan Self-Compassion Scale; dan kepuasan hubungan dengan Relationship Assessment Scale. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa self-compassion berperan sebagai mediator bagi hubungan antara avoidant attachment dan kepuasan hubungan, namun bukan sebagai mediator antara anxious attachment dan kepuasan hubungan. Implikasi penelitian ini adalah pola insecure attachment memiliki dampak yang kuat pada rendahnya kepuasan hubungan romantis.

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Having a romantic relationship is one of the developmental task characteristics of young adults. Forming a satisfying romantic relationship is related to numerous positive effects and influence by several factors, one of them is attachment style. Previous studies have investigated the underlying mechanism between the strong association of attachment and relationship satisfaction. Apart from being influenced by attachment, relationship satisfaction is also influenced by self-compassion, which facilitates individuals to act positively in their romantic relationships. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether self-compassion mediates the association between attachment style (avoidant and anxious attachment) and romantic relationship satisfaction among dating young adults. This quantitative research has 441 sample of young adults age 18-30. Attachment style is measured with Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised; self-compassion with Self-Compassion Scale; and relationship satisfaction with Relationship Assessment Scale. The result of this study shows that self-compassion act as a mediator for the association between avoidant attachment and relationship satisfaction, while not as a mediator between anxious attachment and relationship satisfaction. The implication of this study is that insecure attachment style has a strong negative effect towards relationship satisfaction."

"Dewasa muda menggunakan teknologi komunikasi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, termasuk untuk menjalin hubungan romantisnya. Namun, teknologi digital kemudian berpotensi menjadi sebuah wadah untuk melakukan kekerasan terhadap pasangan, dikenal sebagai cyber intimate partner aggression (CIPA). Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, CIPA dapat diprediksi oleh adverse childhood experience (ACE). ACE dipercaya berpotensi memunculkan early maladaptive schema (EMS) pada individu yang kemudian meningkatkan kemungkinan melakukan CIPA. Penelitian sebelumnya menemukan bahwa skema domain yang paling berpengaruh antara hubungan ACE dan CIPA adalah disconnection & rejection. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat peran mediasi domain disconnection & rejection, secara keseluruhan dan masing-masing skema di dalamnya, dalam hubungan antara cyber intimate partner aggression dengan adverse childhood experience. Partisipan pada penelitian ini adalah 941 dewasa muda yang pernah atau sedang menjalani hubungan romantis dan berdomisili di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa perilaku cyber intimate partner aggression dapat diprediksi secara signifikan dan positif oleh adverse childhood experience (β=.084, SE=.016 p <.001). Selanjutnya, skema domain disconnection & rejection secara keseluruhan dapat memediasi hubungan tersebut secara signifikan. Dari lima skema yang ada, skema abandonment dan skema mistrust/abuse yang dapat secara signifikan memediasi hubungan yang ada. Implikasi hasil penelitian dibahas lebih lanjut.

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Young adults use communication technology in their daily lives, including to establish romantic relationships. However, communication technology potentially creates a new platform for violence against partner, known as cyber intimate partner aggression (CIPA). Based on previous research, CIPA can be predicted by adverse childhood experience (ACE). ACE is believed to have the potential to cause early maladaptive schema (EMS) in individuals which then increases the likelihood of performing CIPA. Previous research found that the most influential domain scheme in the relationship between ACE and CIPA was disconnection & rejection. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the mediation role of the disconnection & rejection domain, as a whole and separately for each schema in the domain, in the relationship between cyber intimate partner aggression and adverse childhood experience. Participants in this study were 941 young adults who had or are currently in a romantic relationship and domiciled in Indonesia. The results indicate that the behavior of cyber intimate partner aggression can be significantly and positively predicted by adverse childhood experience (β=.084, SE=.016 p <.001). Furthermore, the overall disconnection & rejection domain schema can significantly mediate the relationship. Out of the five existing schemas, the abandonment schema and the mistrust/abuse schema could significantly mediate the existing relationship. Research implications discussed further."

"Perselisihan dan pertengkaran menjadi penyebab terbanyak perceraian pasangan di Indonesia. Penyebab ini tidak lepas dari komunikasi tidak lancar yang dapat disebabkan oleh Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE). Salah satu upaya yang dapat mengatasi dampak tersebut dan meningkatkan relationship satisfaction adalah melalui dyadic coping. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat peran dyadic coping dalam menjelaskan hubungan ACE terhadap relationship satisfaction. Partisipan penelitian ini adalah 260 dewasa muda terdiri atas 204 perempuan dan 57 laki-laki yang sudah menikah dan menetap di Jabodetabek. Alat ukur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Adverse Childhood Experience-Questionnaire, Dyadic Coping Inventory dan Relationship Assessment Scale. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa dyadic coping dapat memediasi secara parsial dampak negatif ACE terhadap kepuasan hubungan pasangan yang menikah. Dimensi dyadic coping seperti supportive DC, negative DC, dan common DC juga ditemukan dapat memediasi secara parsial dampak ACE terhadap relationship satisfaction.

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Persistent conflicts and arguments are the leading causes of divorce in Indonesia. These disputes often result from poor communication, which can be linked to adverse childhood experiences (ACE). One effective approach to mitigate these impacts and enhance relationship satisfaction is through dyadic coping. This study aims to examine the mediating role of dyadic coping in the relationship between ACE and relationship satisfaction. The participants were 260 married young adults which consist of 207 women and 57 men residing in Jabodetabek. The measurement tools used were the Adverse Childhood Experience-Questionnaire, Dyadic Coping Inventory, and Relationship Assessment Scale. The results found that dyadic coping can partially mediate the negative impact of ACE on relationship satisfaction among married couples. Dyadic coping dimensions such as supportive DC, negative DC, and common DC has been found significant and can also partially mediate the relationship between ACE and relationship satisfaction."

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Pasangan yang telah menikah di Indonesia diketahui memiliki indeks kebahagiaan yang tinggi. Namun, pasangan yang menikah nyatanya juga menunjukkan angka perceraian dan KDRT yang cukup tinggi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat hubungan adverse childhood experiences dan relationship satisfaction dengan dimensi adult attachment sebagai moderator pada pasangan dewasa muda yang sudah menikah di Jabodetabek (N=258). Pada penelitian ini, ACE diukur menggunakan ACE-Q, relationship satisfaction diukur menggunakan Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS), dan adult attachment diukur menggunakan ECR-RS. Setelah penelitian dilakukan, diketahui bahwa anxiety memperkuat dampak negatif ACE dan relationship satisfaction (b=0.26, t=2.24, p<.05). Sedangkan, avoidance diketahui tidak berperan dalam hubungan ACE dan RS (b=-0.15, t=-1.08, p=.27).

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Married couples in Indonesia have a high happiness index of all marital status. But married couples also shows high divorce and domestic violence rates in Indonesia. This research was conducted to examine the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and relationship satisfaction with adult attachment dimensions as moderators in married young adult couples in Jabodetabek (N=258). ACE was measured using the ACE-Q, relationship satisfaction was measured using the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS), and adult attachment was measured using the ECR-RS. It was discovered that anxiety strengthened the negative impact of ACEs and relationship satisfaction (b=0.26, t=2.24, p<.05). Meanwhile, avoidance was found not to play a role in the relationship between ACE and RS (b=-0.15, t=-1.08, p=.27)."