Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak perdagangan internasional terhadap kesenjangan gender di sektor manufaktur di Indonesia berdasarkan teori Becker. Menurut teori ini, perdagangan internasional meningkatkan persaingan industri dan pada gilirannya menurunkan diskriminasi gender. Ini merupakan studi tingkat industri yang membandingkan efek dari perdagangan internasional pada kesenjangan upah gender dan lapangan kerja perempuan dalam industri yang kompetitif dan industri terkonsentrasi.

Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa perdagangan internasional menurunkan ketidaksetaraan gender dalam industri terkonsentrasi karena menurunkan kesenjangan upah gender dan meningkatkan lapangan kerja perempuan. Sementara itu, ketidaksetaraan gender memburuk dalam industri kompetitif karena perdagangan meningkatkan kesenjangan upah gender dan mengurangi tenaga kerja perempuan.;

---

ABSTRACT
This research aims to analyze the impact of international trade on gender inequality in Indonesian manufacturing sector based on Becker's theory. According to this theory, international trade boosts industry competition and in turn lowers gender discrimination. This is an industry-level study that compares the effects of international trade on gender wage gap and female employment in competitive industries and concentrated industries.

The results of the analysis indicate international trade alleviate gender inequality in concentrated industry because it lowers gender wage gap and increases female employment. Meanwhile, gender inequality worsened in competitive industry because trade increase gender wage gap and reduce female employment;This research aims to analyze the impact of international trade on gender inequality in Indonesian manufacturing sector based on Becker's theory. According to this theory, international trade boosts industry competition and in turn lowers gender discrimination. This is an industry-level study that compares the effects of international trade on gender wage gap and female employment in competitive industries and concentrated industries. The results of the analysis indicate international trade alleviate gender inequality in concentrated industry because it lowers gender wage gap and increases female employment. Meanwhile, gender inequality worsened in competitive industry because trade increase gender wage gap and reduce female employment;This research aims to analyze the impact of international trade on gender inequality in Indonesian manufacturing sector based on Becker's theory. According to this theory, international trade boosts industry competition and in turn lowers gender discrimination. This is an industry-level study that compares the effects of international trade on gender wage gap and female employment in competitive industries and concentrated industries. The results of the analysis indicate international trade alleviate gender inequality in concentrated industry because it lowers gender wage gap and increases female employment. Meanwhile, gender inequality worsened in competitive industry because trade increase gender wage gap and reduce female employment;This research aims to analyze the impact of international trade on gender inequality in Indonesian manufacturing sector based on Becker's theory. According to this theory, international trade boosts industry competition and in turn lowers gender discrimination. This is an industry-level study that compares the effects of international trade on gender wage gap and female employment in competitive industries and concentrated industries. The results of the analysis indicate international trade alleviate gender inequality in concentrated industry because it lowers gender wage gap and increases female employment. Meanwhile, gender inequality worsened in competitive industry because trade increase gender wage gap and reduce female employment, This research aims to analyze the impact of international trade on gender inequality in Indonesian manufacturing sector based on Becker's theory. According to this theory, international trade boosts industry competition and in turn lowers gender discrimination. This is an industry-level study that compares the effects of international trade on gender wage gap and female employment in competitive industries and concentrated industries. The results of the analysis indicate international trade alleviate gender inequality in concentrated industry because it lowers gender wage gap and increases female employment. Meanwhile, gender inequality worsened in competitive industry because trade increase gender wage gap and reduce female employment]

Abstrak :
Kesenjangan upah antar gender telah menjadi polemik di seluruh negara di dunia, terutama negara berkembang. Upah minimum hadir sebagai kebijakan tentang sistem pengupahan yang bertujuan untuk menjadi safety net bagi para pekerja. Meskipun kebijakan ini bukannlah kebijakan yang berorientasi pada gender, namun jika jumlah wanita dan jarak upah aktual terhadap upah minimum yang diterima oleh wanita lebih rendah dibandingkan pria, maka upah minimum dapat memperbaki gender wage gap. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat dampak dari kenaikan upah minimum terhadap kesenjangan upah antar gender di seluruh provinsi di Indonesia dengan menggunakan metode kontrafaktual pada distribusi upah. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dampak upah minimum di Indonesia justru memperlebar gap upah antar gender terutama pada pekerja di distribusi upah rendah. Dampak upah minium di level regional bervariasi antar provinsi. ......Wage gap disparities have become polemic in almost all countries in the world, especially in developing countries. Minimum wage is present as a policy on wage system that aims to be a safety net for workers. Although this policy is not a gender oriented policy, if the number of women and the actual wage distance of women 39 s minimum wage is lower than that of men, then the minimum wage may raise the wage gap. This study aims to examine the impact of minimum wage increases on wage gap across all provinces in Indonesia by using counterfactual methods on wage distribution. The results of this study indicate that the impact of minimum wages in Indonesia actually widen the wage gap between the gender especially on workers in the distribution of low wages. The impact of regional minium wages varies across provinces.

Abstrak :
The Mincerian earnings functions are estimated using cross section and time series data for Korea during the 1993-2002 period. Male and female workers with university and higher education earn 1.8 and 2.9 times more than with the middle school and under education in 2002, respectively.

Abstrak :
Kesetaraan gender menjadi isu yang diperjuangkan secara terus menerus. Salah satu aspek yang menjadi indikator evaluasi apakah kesetaraan gender sudah diterapkan adalah adanya fenomena kesenjangan upah antar gender. Studi ini bertujuan untuk melihat persistensi kesenjangan upah antar gender dengan menggunakan data Sakernas 2022 serta variasi kesenjangan antar gender yang terjadi di antara sektor industri, tempat tinggal, dan tipe kontrak. Pada tahun 2022, ditunjukkan bahwa gender kesenjangan upah antar gender di Indonesia meningkat dibanding dengan tahun 2010, baik pada daerah pedesaan maupun perkotaan. Selain itu, secara keseluruhan, kesenjangan upah antar gender bervariase antar sektor dengan tertinggi terdapat pada sektor perdagangan besar, eceran, reparasi dan perawatan mobil sedangkan sektor dengan kesenjangan upah terendah adalah sektor keuangan, asuransi, dan real estat. Hal yang sama terjadi pada daerah perkotaan. Namun, jika dilihat pada daerah pedesaan, sektor pengangkutan, pergudangan, informasi dan komunikasi memiliki kesenjangan upah tertinggi, sementara sektor aktivitas kesehatan manusia dan aktivitas sosial memiliki kesenjangan upah terendah. ......Gender equality has become an ongoing campaign years after years. One aspect that serves as an indicator of whether gender equality has been implemented is the phenomenon of the gender wage gap. This research aims to examine the persistence of the gender wage gap phenomena, using the data from Sakernas 2022. Additionally, this study also displays the variations of gender wage gap between sectors, areas, and employment types. The result indicates that Indonesia showed a wider gender wage gap in 2022, compared to 2010, in both rural and urban areas. Overall, the highest gender wage gap was found in the wholesale, retail trade, and motor vehicle repair and maintenance sectors, while the sector with the lowest wage gap was the finance, insurance, and real estate sectors. The same pattern was observed in urban areas. However, in rural areas, the transportation, warehousing, information, and communication sector had the highest wage gap, while the human health and social work activities sectors had the lowest wage gap.

Abstrak :
Ketimpangan antar jenis kelamin di pasar tenaga kerja Indonesia masih terjadi. Hal ini memicu pekerja perempuan untuk menempuh pendidikan yang lebih tinggi agar dapat bersaing dengan pekerja laki laki, sehingga pekerja perempuan mengalami job-education mismatch karena memiliki pendidikan yang lebih tinggi dari yang dibutuhkan oleh pekerjaannya. Baik studi mengenai job-education mismatch maupun studi mengenai selisih antara upah pekerja laki-laki dan pekerja perempuan sudah banyak berkembang, namun belum banyak studi yang melihat hubungan antara keduanya. Penelitian ini diharapkan mampu menemukan bagaimana job-education mismatch mempengaruhi selisih upah antara pekerja laki-laki dan pekerja perempuan di Indonesia. Data yang digunakan adalah data SAKERNAS Agustus 2016. Status mismatch ditentukan dengan job-evaluation method menggunakan standar ISCO 2008 dan ISCED 1997. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan, pekerja yang mengalami overqualified menerima wage penalty, pekerja yang mengalami underqualified menerima wage premium, dan mismatch pada pekerja perempuan memperburuk wage gap antara pekerja laki-laki dan perempuan. ......Gender disparity still exists in Indonesias labor market. Discrimination between female and male workers then triggers female workers to achieve a higher education to be able to compete with male workers. That leads female workers to have a mismatch between their job and education, because they are overqualified for their jobs. Even though both studies about job education mismatch and females wage gap are already done by so many researchers, but less discuss about the relationship between them. This research aims to find out how job education mismatch affects gender wage gap in Indonesia. This research used SAKERNAS August 2016 data. The mismatch status is obtained with job evaluation method using ISCO 2008 and ISCED 1997 standards. The result of the research shows that overall, overqualified workers receive wage penalty, underqualified workers receive wage premium, and mismatch worsens the wage gap between male and female workers.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Dalam dua dekade terakhir, Indonesia mengalami peningkatan pada total perdagangan dan FDI. Dalam periode 2008-2014, terdapat bukti kenaikan volume FDI yang juga disertai dengan peningkatan perbedaan upah pria dan wanita. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mengidentifikasi efek dari keterbukaan perdagangan terhadap perbedaan upah antara pria dan wanita dan juga menganalisa perbedaan efek tersebut ditiap distribusi upah. Tesis ini menggunakan data Sakernas 2008-2014 dan data PMA dari BKPM. Selanjutnya, setelah mengaplikasikan metode OLS dan Quantile Regression, terlihat dari hasil regresi bahwa kesenjangan upah antara pria dan wanita lebih besar terjadi pada bagian bawah distribusi upah dibandingkan pada bagian atas distribusi upah. Selain itu, hasil lainnya menunjukan bahwa perbedaan upah antara pria dan wanita di kelompok provinsi berpenghasilan tinggi lebih kecil dibandingkan pada kelompok provinsi berpenghasilan rendah.

---

ABSTRACT
In the past two decades, Indonesia has experienced an increase in total trade and FDI. In the period 2008 2014, there was an increasing of FDI volume, which was followed by a widening trend in the female and male earnings gap. Looking at all that facts, this study investigates the impact of trade openness on female male earnings differentials and how the impact differs across the wage distribution. This thesis used data employment from the National Labor Survey SAKERNAS published by Statistics Indonesia and FDI data released by the Investment Coordinating Board BKPM . Furthermore, after applying the OLS and the Quantile Regression estimation method, it appears that gender wage gap is narrower in low quantile wage distributions than in high quantile distributions. In addition, another important finding emerges from the results of income provincial groups, which shows that gender wage differentials are narrower in high income and middle provinces than in low income provinces.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir, kondisi kesenjangan gender dalam pengupahan pada perkerja yang tergolong sebagai buruh/karyawan di Indonesia terlihat menurun. Dengan dekomposisi Oaxaca menggunakan data IFLS 2007 dan 2014, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari tahu apakah penurunan kesenjangan gender dalam pengupahan benar-benar terjadi, dan cerita di baliknya. Ditemukan bahwa kesenjangan gender terlihat meningkat jika hanya dilihat dari raw gap 34 di tahun 2007 dan 37 di 2014 , tetapi porsi dari kesenjangan gender yang disebabkan oleh perbedaan karakteristik perempuan dan laki-laki explained factors meningkat 13 di tahun 2007 dan 22 di 2014 . Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa porsi dari gender wage gap yang disebabkan oleh unexplained gap, yang mengindikasikan kemungkinan diskriminasi atau hal-hal lain yang tidak dapat terukur oleh perbedaan karakteristik, menurun. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa occupational segregation segregasi pekerja berdasarkan jenis kelamin di berbagai jenis pekerjaan memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda terhadap pekerja di perusahan swasta dan pekerja yang bekerja pada pemerintah.

---

ABSTRACT
In the last ten years, Indonesia has seen a consistently declining gender wage gap for those who work as employees. Using the Oaxaca decomposition applied to the IFLS 2007 and 2014 data sets, this study aims to find out if the narrowing of the gender wage gap really occured and the story behind the decreasing gap. I found that the raw gender wage gap widens 34 in 2007 to 37 in 2014 , but the explained factors of the gap increases 13 in 2007 to 22 in 2014 . This shows that the gender wage gap that can be attributed to differences in characteristics between women and men is increasing, when the possible discrimination and unmeasurable characteristics between men and women is decreasing. It is also found that occupational segregation based on gender affects private sector workers and government workers differently.

Abstrak :
Studi ini mengkaji bagaimana peningkatan perdagangan internasional telah memengaruhi dinamika kesenjangan upah antar jenis kelamin dan share employment di industri manufaktur di Indonesia hingga 2003 hingga 2015. Teori Discrimination Taste oleh Becker (1957) dan menyatakan bahwa perdagangan internasional adalah mekanisme untuk meningkatkan daya saing di pasar sehingga peningkatan perdagangan internasional akan mengurangi kesenjangan upah antar tenaga kerja laki-laki dan perempuan karena diskriminasi bersifat costly untuk industri. Di sisi lain, teori non neoklasik berpendapat bahwa perdagangan internasional berakibat kepada melebarnya ketimpangan upah dikarenakan adanya segregasi pekerjaan diantara skilled dan unskilled labor. Penulis memasukkan ide dari kedua teori ini ke dalam model teori persaingan dan konsentrasi industri dan menguji model tersebut menggunakan data panel dari data survei rumah tangga Sakernas yang digabung dengan data perdagangan dan konsentrasi dari Statistik Industri dari 2003-2015. Perkiraan dari Ordinary Least Square (OLS) dan random effect di tingkat industri menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan daya saing di dalam pasar karena perdagangan internasional membuat tingkat kesenjangan upah di industri manufaktur terkonsentrasi di Indonesia menjadi semakin lebar. ...... This study examines how increasing trade in manufacturing industry in Indonesia through 2003 to 2015 have affected the dynamic of the gender wage gap and share employment. The Discrimination Taste theory by Becker (1957) stated that international trade is a mechanism for the competitiveness in the market hence the increasing of trade will decrease the gender wage gap since it is costly for the industry. On the other hand, non-neoclassical theory argues that international trade results in widening wage inequality due to the segregation of work between skilled and unskilled labor. We incorporate these two ideas into a theoritical model of competition and industry concentration and test the model using panel data of Sakernas household survey data merged with trade and concentration data from Statistik Industri from 2003-2015. Estimates from ordinary least-squares (OLS) and random effects regressions at the industry-level indicate that increasing openness to trade is associated with larger wage gaps in Indonesias concentrated manufacturing industries.

Abstrak :
Kesenjangan upah antar gender merupakan fenomena yang nyata adanya di Indonesia. Berdasarkan penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya, diketahui bahwa sebagian besar kesenjangan upah antar gender di Indonesia disebabkan oleh komponen yang tidak terjelaskan. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk mempertimbangkan aspek wilayah karena adanya keberagaman di tiap wilayah sehingga ingin membandingkan kesenjangan upah antar gender pada tiap pulau di Indonesia. Dengan metode dekomposisi Blinder-Oaxaca, penelitian ini menganalisis data SAKERNAS Februari 2020 sebelum pandemi Covid-19. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kesenjangan upah antar gender pada tiap pulau di Indonesia didominasi oleh faktor yang tidak dapat dijelaskan dengan variasi yang ada. Dimana Pulau Kalimantan, Pulau Sulawesi, dan Pulau Sumatera memiliki total kesenjangan di atas nilai total kesenjangan Indonesia. Kemudian diikuti Pulau Jawa dan Bali serta pulau lainnya di bawah nilai total kesenjangan Indonesia. Pulau Sumatera, Sulawesi dan pulau lainnya menunjukkan besaran yang rendah pada faktor yang dapat dijelaskan bahkan lebih rendah dari hasil secara keseluruhan di Indonesia. Hal ini berarti bahwa di Pulau Sumatera, Pulau Sulawesi serta pulau lainnya memiliki kesenjangan upah antar gender lebih banyak disebabkan oleh faktor – faktor di luar karakteristik pekerja. ......The wage gap between genders is a real phenomenon in Indonesia. Based on previous studies, it is known that most of the wage gap between genders in Indonesia is caused by an unexplained component. This study tries to consider the regional aspect because of the diversity in each region so it wants to compare the wage gap between genders on each island in Indonesia. Using the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method, this study analyzed the data for SAKERNAS in February 2020 before the Covid-19 pandemic. The results of this study indicate that an unexplained factor dominates the wage gap between genders on each island in Indonesia by existing variations. Where Kalimantan Island, Sulawesi Island, and Sumatra Island have a total gap above Indonesia's total gap value. Then followed by Java and Bali and other islands below the total gap value of Indonesia. The islands of Sumatra, Sulawesi, and other islands show low magnitudes on factors that can be explained even lower than the overall results in Indonesia. This means that on Sumatra Island, Sulawesi Island, and other islands, the wage gap between genders is mostly due to factors other than worker characteristics.