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"Hubungan orang tua dan anak tercermin dalam kualitas attachment merupakan hal yang penting bagi aspek perkembangan anak di masa depan. Anak yang memiliki kualitas attachment berbeda, antara lain secure, avoidant dan ambivalent attachment, memiliki cara berbeda ketika menghadapi lingkungan karena proses mental yang bekerja dalam pikiran mereka berbeda. Proses mental tersebut dilatarbelakangi oleh executive function EF, proses neurokognitif yang memfasilitasi anak dalam mengatur perilaku untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang terbagi menjadi dua domain, cool EF dan hot EF. Penelitian sebelumnya membuktikan bahwa kualitas attachment memprediksi kemampuan EF anak. Meski demikian, masih ditemukan ketidakkonsistenan temuan terkait domain EF yang terprediksi oleh kualitas attachment anak yang berbeda. Selain itu, figur ayah membuktikan kontribusinya pada aspek perkembangan anak, termasuk kemampuan EF anak. Namun, sejauh pengetahuan peneliti, penelitian mengenai kualitas attachment anak dengan ayah pada kemampuan EF masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat perbedaan kemampuan cool EF dan hot EF anak diantara kualitas secure, avoidant dan ambivalent attachment anak dengan ibu dan ayah mereka serta interaksi kombinasi kualitas attachment anak dengan kedua orang tuanya. Partisipan penelitian ini berjumlah 128 anak berusia 4-6 tahun. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan observasi menggunakan battery-test EF dan ASCT Attachment Story Completion Task. Analisis data menggunakan ANCOVA dengan usia dan jenis kelamin sebagai kovariat. Hasil membuktikan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kemampuan cool EF yang signifikan dan kemampuan hot EF yang tidak signifikan antara kualitas attachment anak yang berbeda. Penjelasan hasil diulas pada bagian diskusi. Temuan penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya hubungan harmonis orang tua dan anak yang memfasilitasi proses mental anak untuk mengatur perilaku.

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Parent child relationship which reflected in attachment quality was crucial for child development in subsequent phase of life. A child who have different attachment quality, among others were secure, avoidant, ambivalent attachment that have different way to response their environment because they have different mental process which worked differently in their mind. The work of mental process was supported by executive function EF , a neurocognitive process that facilitated the children to regulate their behavior to solve the problem which divided into two domain, cool EF and hot EF. Previous research found that attachment quality could predicted child's EF skills. However, there were inconsistencies in their result related with which domain that being predicted with the different quality of attachment. Moreover, research related father figure found it contribution to child developmental aspects, including child's EF. Nevertheless, to our knowledge little is known about child's attachment quality with father in predicting child's EF.

The aim of this current research was to investigate the differences in child's cool and hot EF between child secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment with mother and father and the interaction of the combination of child attachment quality with their parent. The participant of this research were 128 preschoolers aged from 4 6 year old. This research used observational measurement with battery test EF and ASCT Attachment Story Completion Task . The data analysis using ANCOVA with child's age and gender become covariates. This research found that there was a significant differences in cool EF and non significant differences in hot EF between different child attachment quality. The finding will be discussed in discussion. This research presented important finding about parent child quality who could facilitated the child's mental process to regulate their behavior. "

"Pengasuhan merupakan salah satu faktor yang krusial dalam perkembangan executive function EF anak usia dini. Meskipun demikian, penelitian-penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya hanya fokus kepada figur ibu dan mengabaikan peran dari pengasuhan ayah. Selain itu, masih sangat sedikit penelitian yang mempelajari peran pengasuhan ibu dan ayah secara bersamaan dalam kaitannya dengan performa EF anak di periode usia dini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari kontribusi pengasuhan autonomy support dan control dari ibu dan ayah terhadap performa EF anak usia 4-6 tahun. Sebanyak 108 anak bersama kedua orang tuanya mengikuti kegiatan penelitian ini. Keterampilan EF anak diukur melalui 3 tes performa sementara kualitas pengasuhan ibu dan ayah diobservasi melalui kegiatan interaksi bersama anak dalam mengerjakan balok dan puzzle. Autonomy support ibu memprediksi keterampilan EF anak, dengan mengontrol variabel usia anak, tingkat pendidikan orang tua dan tingkat ekonomi keluarga. Di sisi lain, control ayah memberikan kontribusi negatif kepada EF anak setelah mengontrol kovariat dan pengasuhan ibu. Pengaruh pengasuhan ibu dan ayah terhadap komponen-komponen EF secara terpisah juga ditemukan. Penelitian ini memberikan informasi penting tentang pentingnya pengasuhan ibu dan ayah terhadap perkembangan EF anak di periode usia prasekolah.

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Parenting is one of the crucial factors in the early children executive function EF development. Nonetheless, numerous researches realetd to EF children development, had focused only on the mother figures, omitting that of father's. On top of that, there is still a limited number of studies covering the uprearing of both mothers and fathers in relation to the EF performance in early aged children. The current study investigated the contribution of mothers and fathers rsquo autonomy suppot and control to 4 6 year old children's EF performance. 108 chilren with both their parents participated in this study. Children's EF performance were measured using 3 performance tests, while the parenting styles from mother and father were observed thorugh their interaction in block and puzzle activities. It was revealed that mother's autonomy support could predict children's EF, taking into account their age, parents rsquo education level, and family social economic status. On the other hand, father's control had a negative contribution to children's EF after controlling covariate variables and mother's parenting styles. The impact of mother and father parenting styles to separated EF components were also found. This study gave new insights regarding the importance of mother and father parentings to EF development in preschool children. "

"Penelitian sebelumnya telah memperoleh hasil bahwa parental control merupakan salah satu pengasuhan orang tua yang berkontribusi terhadap perkembangan cool executive function EF , yaitu kemampuan kognitif tingkat tinggi yang dapat mendukung kesiapan sekolah anak prasekolah. Namun, kebanyakan penelitian sebelumnya hanya mengukur kontrol orang tua dalam bentuk verbal pada ibu, padahal kontrol orang tua juga dapat muncul dalam bentuk perilaku dan ayah juga memiliki peran dalam pengasuhan. Penelitian korelasional ini dilakukan untuk melihat kontribusi setiap aspek dalam kontrol verbal command, indirect command, dan prohibitions dan kontrol perilaku physical support, modeling, dan physical discipline dari ayah dan ibu terhadap komponen dalam cool EF inhibitory control, working memory, dan cognitive flexibility . Sejumlah 61 partisipan anak diberikan tiga tes yang mengukur komponen cool EF dan strategi kontrol orang tua diukur dengan sesi bermain orang tua dengan anak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sejumlah aspek strategi kontrol dari ayah maupun ibu berkorelasi signifikan dengan komponen dalam cool EF anak, bahkan setelah pengaruh jenis kelamin anak, usia anak, dan SSE dikontrol. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa orang tua dapat menggunakan strategi kontrol yang tepat untuk mengoptimalkan perkembangan cool EF anak usia prasekolah.

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Previous studies had found that parental control is an aspect of parenting that contribute to cool executive function EF development, a set of higher order cognitive skills that can promote preschool children's school readiness. But, most of the previous studies measured only mother regulatory language or mother's verbal control strategies, even though parental control can also be emerged as regulatory behavior, and father also has role in parenting.

The current study investigated the contribution of every aspects in parent regulatory language command, indirect command, and prohibitions and parent regulatory behavior physical support, modeling, and physical discipline from both father and mother in relation to components of preschool children's cool EF inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility . 61 participants were given three performance tests that assessed cool EF and parental control strategies were assessed through parent child play session.

The result revealed that some aspects of both father control strategies and mother control strategies had significant correlations with components of child's cool EF, even after the influences of child's gender, child's age and SES were controlled. This study pointed out that parent can use appropriate control strategies to optimize child's cool EF development."

"Usia dini merupakan periode emas dimana banyak perkembangan terjadi secara pesat, tidak terkecuali pada fungsi kognitif tingkat tinggi yakni Executive Function (EF). Dalam upaya pengoptimalan kemampuan EF, berbagai penelitian telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui hal-hal apa saja yang dapat memengaruhi kemampuan EF, salah satunya adalah kelekatan. Namun, penelitian mengenai kelekatan dan EF diketahui masih inkonsisten. Selain itu, kebanyakan penelitian mengenai kelekatan hanya melibatkan ibu saja, padahal diketahui bahwa peran ayah turut berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan anak. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui lebih lanjut apakah secure attachment antara ayah dan ibu dengan anak dapat memprediksi kemampuan hot dan cool EF anak usia prasekolah. Untuk mengetahui mengenai informasi secure attachment antara ayah dan ibu terhadap anak dan anak, kedua orangtua diminta untuk mengisi Parent Child Reunion Inventory PCRI . Untuk mengetahui kemampuan EF, anak akan diberikan serangkaian tes EF. Penelitian ini diikuti oleh 85 pasang orangtua beserta dengan anak mereka yang berusia 4-6 tahun. Dengan mempertimbangkan SES keluarga, usia, dan jenis kelamin anak, hasil memperlihatkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara secure attachment ayah dan ibu dengan kemampuan EF anak. Faktor-faktor lain selain attachment seperti autonomy support dan scaffolding perlu dipertimbangkan untuk mencapai kemampuan EF anak usia prasekolah yang optimal.

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Early childhood known as a golden period where our developmental as a human being develop rapidly, not to mention our Executive Function (EF) skill. In order to optimized EF skills, many research had been conducted to investigate factors that associate to EF skills. It revealed that one of the factor that have association with EF is attachment. Research found that the association between attachment and EF remain inconsistent. On top of that, several studies related to attachment and EF focused only on mother figures without considering fathers. This study investigated prospective associations between father rsquo s and mother rsquo s secure attachment and hot and cool EF skills in preschoolers. In attempt to investigate these topics, parents were administered Parent Child Reunion Inventory PCRI and to investigate EF, the children were administered a battery of EF tasks. 85 parents with their 4 6 years old kid were participated in this study. The results indicated that neither father child attachment nor mother child attachment were significantly related to child performance on EF tasks above and beyond family socioeconomic status SES , child age, and sex. Factors other than attachment, such as autonomy support and scaffolding need to be considered in order to optimize preschooler rsquo s EF skill."

"Kompetensi sosial anak prasekolah perlu dioptimalkan karena interaksi sosial yang terjalin semakin beragam. Beberapa studi menunjukkan cool executive function yaitu working memory, inhibitory control, dan cognitive flexibility berkontribusi pada perkembangan kompetensi sosial, tetapi sayangnya masih sedikit intervensi yang menyasar executive function dan kompetensi sosial. Penelitian bertujuan melihat efektivitas intervensi cool executive function untuk meningkatkan kompetensi sosial anak prasekolah di masa pandemi COVID-19. Metode convenience sampling dan snowball sampling digunakan untuk merekrut partisipan. Penelitian eksperimental ini terdiri dari 1 sesi pretest, 5 sesi intervensi, dan 1 sesi posttest berdurasi sekitar 40 menit dan dilakukan secara daring. Terdapat 33 partisipan di kelompok eksperimen dan 31 partisipan di kelompok kontrol yang terbagi secara acak. Orang tua partisipan diminta mengisi kuesioner Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale – Skala A pada sesi pre-test dan post-test sebagai pengukuran. Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) dengan mengontrol skor pre-test kompetensi sosial partisipan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat pengaruh intervensi yang signifikan setelah mengontrol efek dari skor pre-test kompetensi sosial. Disimpulkan bahwa intervensi yang disusun belum dapat meningkatkan kompetensi sosial anak prasekolah. Penelitian selanjutnya diharapkan dapat memberikan kesempatan interaksi kepada anak secara langsung dan mengukur peningkatan cool executive function dengan alat ukur performance yang dapat diadministrasikan secara daring.

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Preschool children's social competence needs to be optimized because of the increasing variety of social interactions. Several studies have shown cool executive functions (working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility) influenced the development of social competence, but unfortunately there’s only few interventions targeting executive function and social competence. The purpose of this study was examining the effectiveness of cool executive function intervention to improve preschool children’s social competence during pandemic COVID-19. Convenience and snowball sampling method were used to recruit the participants. This exeperimental research consist of 1 pretest, 5 intervention, and 1 posttest session conducted online within approximately 40 minutes long. There were 33 participants in experiment group and 31 participants in control group clustered randomly. Parents were asked to fill Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale – Scale A questionnaire. Data were analyzed with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) by controlling the social competence pretest scores. Result showed there was no significant effect of the intervention and concluded that the intervention has not been able to improve the social competence. Further research is expected to provide opportunities for direct social interaction among children and could measure the increase of cool executive function with performance measurement tools that can be administered online."

"Latar belakang. Kognitif merupakan proses sejumlah fungsi kompleks dari berbagai sirkuit di otak. Diabetes mellitus tipe 2 merupakan salah satu faktor risiko gangguan kognitif melalui mekanisme vaskuler dan non-vaskuler. Berbagai studi menunjukkan hubungan antara diabetes dengan risiko terjadinya demensia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat gambaran fungsi kognitif pada penyandang OM tipe 2 . Metode. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian potong lintang dengan populasi penyandang OM tipe 2 berusia - 50 tahun yang berobat di Puskesmas Tebet dan Pasar Minggu Jakarta yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Semua subyek dilakukan anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisik umum dan neurologis serta pencatatan kadar gula darah puasa dalam 2 tahun terakhir. Kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan fungsi kognitif untuk menilai atensi, bahasa, memori, praxis, fungsi eksekutif dan kecepatan psikomotor. Kriteria gangguan kognitif ringan tanpa demensia (CIND) adalah bila ditemukan satu atau lebih skor kognitif di bawah < 1.5 standard deviasi nilai normatif. Data dianalisis menggunakan tes chi- square, Fisher's exact dan Mann Whitney memakai program SPSS versi 11.5 hasil. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan % pasien DM tipe 2, rentang usia antara 50-75 tahun (rerata 59.5 ± 5.53 tahun), terdiri dari 55 (57.3%) wanita. Sebanyak 84 (87.5%) subyek memenuhi kriteria CIND. Rana kognitif yang paling terganggu adalah fungsi eksekutif (77 .1% ). Sebagai hasil tambahan, didapatkan hubungan bermakna antara gangguan fungsi kognitif dengan tingkat pendidikan (p=0.007; OR:6.69; IK.95% 1.48;34.34). Subyek berusia - 60 tahun memiliki kecenderungan terjadi gangguan atensi(p=0.023) dan immediate memory (p=0.039). Subyek dengan durasi DM - 5 tahun cenderung memiliki gangguan pada immediate memory (p=0.002). Subyek dengan kriteria pengendalian GOP buruk berhubungan bermakna dengan gangguan fungsi eksekutif (p=0.006). Subyek dengan riwayat hipertensi memiliki kecenderungan terjadi gangguan atensi (p=0.0035). Kesimpulan. Gangguan kognitif umum ditemukan pada penyandang OM tipe 2 terutama gangguan fungsi eksekutif. Pasien DM tipe 2 dengan tingkat pendidikan rendah mempunyai kecenderungan memiliki gangguan fungsi kognitif (CIND). Faktor usia lanjut, lama OM, pengendalian GOP dan hipertensi berhubungan dengan gangguan pada rana kognitif spesifik.

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Background. Cognitive function is the process of several complex functions of various circuits in the brain. Type 2 diabetes is one of the risk factors which may cause cognitive function impairment through vascular and non-vascular mechanisms. Many studies show that there is a positive correlation between diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia. The aim of this study was to describe the cognitive function of people with type 2 diabetes before any dementia manifestation occurred. Methods. This was an cross sectional study which included all type 2 diabetes patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Medical history, physical and neurology examination were performed, fasting blood glucose levels of all the patients in the last 2 years were also collected. The patient's cognitive function was examined using neurophsycology test of CERAD, digit span, trail making B and finger tapping test Criteria of mild cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND) were confirmed if one or more cognitive scores were < 1.5 SD below normative value. The data were analyzed using chi-square, Fisher' exact and Mann Whitney test with SPSS for Windows version 11.5. Result. There were found 96 subjects with type 2 diabetes, 55 (57.3%) subjects were female, range of age was 50-75 years old (mean 59.5 years old SD 5.53). Eighty four (87.5%) subjects fulfilled the CIND criteria. The most affected cognitive domain was executive function (77.1%). In addition, a significant correlation was found between the cognitive impairment and the level of education (p=0.007;0R 6.69; Cl95% 1.48;34.34). Subjects with advanced aged or prior hypertension tended to have attention decicit; subjects with poor control of blood glucose had a significant correlation with executive dysfunction ; Subjects - 60 years-old and with diabetes more than 5 years tended to have immediate memory impairment (p<0.05). Conclusion. Cognitive impairment without dementia is commonly encountered in people with type 2 diabetes particularly in the domain of executive function. Type 2 diabetes patients with lower levels of education are more likely to have a cognitive impairment. There is a correlation between advanced age, duration of diabetes, control of blood glucose and hypertension with specific cognitive domain impairment."

"Inteligensi merupakan salah satu faktor yang turut menentukan tingkat keparahan Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), dan memengaruhi perencanaan intervensi yang tepat. Skor IQ maupun komponen inteligensi yang sama antara anak typically develop (TD) dan anak dengan ASD dapat merefleksikan proses kognitif yang berbeda. Agar pemahaman terhadap profil kognitif pada ASD lebih komprehensif, diperlukan juga pemahaman tentang aspek neuropsikologisnya, salah satunya Executive Function (EF). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat perbedaan profil inteligensi dan performa EF antara anak TD dan anak dengan High-Functioning ASD usia dini dengan menggunakan alat ukur SB-LM dan alat ukur Executive Function Indonesia (EFI). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan profil inteligensi pada kedua kelompok, namun terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada EF komposit, berikut dua komponen EF yakni Inhibitory Control, dan Cognitive Flexibility. Selain itu, ditemukan perbedaan dalam korelasi antara variabel inteligensi dan EF antara kelompok ASD dan TD, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa kelompok ASD dan tipikal memiliki proses kognitif yang berbeda secara kualitatif. Berdasakan temuan ini, praktisi dan peneliti disarankan untuk melakukan pengukuran dan intervensi EF pada ASD, agar dapat diperoleh profil kognitif yang komprehensif yang akan sangat bermanfaat dalam menyusun intervensi untuk meningkatkan kemampuan akademiknya

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Intelligence determines the severity of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and influences the appropriate intervention planning. IQ and scores of intelligence components between typically developed (TD) children and children with ASD reflect different underlying cognitive processes. Therefore, a comprehensive investigation of the neuropsychological strength and weaknesses of ASD may help to describe their cognitive abilities better and to design appropriate intervention. This study investigates the differences in intelligence profiles and EF performance between TD children and children with High-Functioning ASD at an early age using SB-LM and Executive Function Indonesia (EFI) measuring instrument. The results showed omit no differences in intelligence profile in the two groups, yet significant differences in the composite EF, Inhibitory Control, and Cognitive Flexibility. In addition, there was a difference in the correlation in intelligence and EF variables between the ASD and TD groups. Thus, it can be concluded that the ASD and TD groups have qualitatively different cognitive processes. A recommendetion derived from these results is that comprehensive EF assessment and treatment should be conducted as part of the global evaluation in ASD patients, primarily to design an intervention to enhance their academic area"

"Beberapa penelitian telah menemukan adanya hubungan antara kompetensi social dan executive function, namun masih terdapat inkonsistensi hubungan antara komponenkomponen di dalamnya. Penelitian ini betujuan untuk mengeksplorasi kontribusi dari komponen hot dan cool dalam executive function, dan factor jenis kelamin dalam memprediksi kompetensi sosial pada anak usia 60-72 bulan. Pengukuran kompetensi sosial dilakukan melalui kuesioner PKBS SKala A yang telah diadaptasi dalam bahasa Indonesia. Pengukuran executive function dilakukan melalui tes performa pada battery task Backward Word Span, Rumput/Matahari, Dimension Change Card Sort, dan Gift Delay. Metode statistik inferensial yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah independent sample t-test, dan standard multiple regression. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa baik faktor jenis kelamin, maupun komponen hot dan cool executive function tidak dapat memprediksi kompetensi sosial pada anak usia 60-72 bulan secara signifikan. Meskipun begitu, dalam penelitian ini ditemukan korelasi yang signifikan antara komponen hot executive function dengan faktor jenis kelamin dan kompetensi sosial pada anak usia 60-72 bulan.

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Few researches had found correlation between social competence and executive function, though there had also been inconsistency in between. This research was conducted to investigate the contribution of hot and cool executive function, and factor of sex in predicting social competence on 60-72 months children. Social competence was measured using PKBS Skala A which consisted of 34 items.

Executive function was measured using performance battery test which consisted of Backward Word Span, Rumput/Matahari, Dimension Change Card Sort, and Gift Delay task. Inferential statistic method used in this research were independent sample t-test, and standard multiple regression.

The result showed that there was no significant contribution of sex, hot and cool executive function in predicting social competence on 60-72 months children. However the result also showed that there was a significant correlation between hot executive function and sex, and between hot executive function and social competence on 60-72 months children."

"Riset tentang keterampilan numerik awal pada anak usia dini dengan Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) masih sangat terbatas dan belum mendapatkan hasil yang konklusif.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kontribusi kondisi perkembangan dan fungsi eksekutif dalam kompetensi numerik awal pada anak usia dini dengan ASD dan perkembangan tipikal. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari 32 partisipan dengan perkembangan tipikal serta 8 partisipan dengan autism spectrum disorder yang berusia 48-96 bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa working memory mampu memprediksi kompetensi numerik awal, bahkan setelah mengontrol IQ dan usia. Berbeda dengan penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya, status sosial ekonomi dan pendidikan ibu tidak berkontribusi secara signifikan dalam memprediksi kompetensi numerik awal. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa anak ASD tidak memiliki kompetensi numerik maupun fungsi eksekutif yang berbeda dengan anak tipikal. Namun, pada aspek kompetensi numerik awal, anak ASD justru ditemukan menunjukkan kelebihan pada komponen applying knowledge of number. Hasil ini memberikan kabar gembira bagi orangtua yang memiliki anak dengan high functioning ASD, mengingat fungsi eksekutif maupun kompetensi numerik awal berkaitan dengan prestasi akademis pada jenjang pendidikan berikutnya.

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Studies on early numerical skills in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder is still scarce and inconclusive. This study aims to investigate the contribution of developmental conditions (ASD and typical) and executive functions towards early numerical competence in children with high-functioning ASD and typical development. Participants in this study were 32 children with typical development and 8 participants with autism spectrum disorder aged 48-96 months. The results showed that working memory was able to predict early numerical competence, above and beyond IQ and age. In contrast to previous studies, the mothers socioeconomic and educational status did not contribute significantly in predicting early numerical competence. The results also showed that ASD children showed similar numerical competencies and executive functions with typical children. ASD children performed better in applying knowledge of number component. These results provided good news for parents who have children with high functioning ASD, given the executive function and initial numerical competencies are related to academic achievement at the next level of education."

"Depresi merupakan kondisi psikologis yang paling umum terjadi dan banyak memengaruhi wanita, terutama seorang ibu. Berbagai penelitian telah dilakukan untuk menggali dampak kondisi depresi ibu pada fungsi kognisi anak. Namun demikian, hasil penelitian mengenai dampak simtom depresi ibu dalam kaitannya dengan peran figur ayah dalam pengasuhan dan fungsi kognitif anak, khususnya Executive Function (EF), masih ditemukan inkonsistensi. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk melihat kontribusi simtom depresi ibu dan keterlibatan ayah dalam memprediksi EF anak di usia dini. Sekitar 101 anak usia 4-6 tahun beserta kedua orang tuanya diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Beberapa tes EF diberikan pada anak dan kuesioner simtom depresi ibu dan keterlibatan ayah diberikan masing-masing pada ibu dan ayah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hanya simtom depresi ibu yang berkontribusi secara signifikan untuk memprediksi EF anak setelah dilakukan pengontrolan pada jenis kelamin dan usia anak, status bekerja ibu, dan SES. Penelitian ini menggagas pentingnya memperhatikan kondisi psikologis ibu saat akan melakukan intervensi untuk mengoptimalkan EF anak di usia dini.

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Depression is most common psychological condition and affects largely in women, particularly in mothers. Numerous studies have been conducted to specify the impact of maternal depressive symptoms on preschool children cognitive functioning. Nonetheless, the result of the studies regarding maternal depressive symptoms in relation to the role of father figure in parenting and children cognition, especially in Executive Function (EF) have found inconsistency. This study aimed to assess the contribution of maternal depressive symptoms and father involvement in predicting children EF. About 101 preschool children aged 4-6 and their parents were involved in this study. Several EF tests were delivered to children, while maternal depressive symptoms and father involvement questionnaire were given to mother and father respectively.

Result found that only maternal depressive symptoms predicted EF performance on children above and beyond the influences of child gender and age, maternal work status, and family socioeconomic level. This study points out the importance to consider maternal psychological condition while targeting intervention for promoting EF in preschool."