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"Every body consumes street-foods, even babies as early as 6 months of age. The older the children, the more varied the street foods being consumed. Street foods therefore have contributed to a significant proportion of energy, protein and iron intake of school age children. Looking at high percentages of street foods contribution to their nutrient intake, street foods play an important role in school children's growth and school achievement. On the other hand the safety (microbiological & chemical aspect) of street foods is still questionable. This study aimed to investigate the predicted consumption of illegal food additives from street food among school children from two different types of government primary schools.

This research report is arranged and divided in three sequential parts. Part 1 contains comprehensive review on the background and rationale of the study, problem statements, literature review, conceptual framework, objectives of the study and the hypothesis.

Part 2 consists of manuscript for publication entitled "School children from model school had lower intake of illegal food additive from street foods compare to school children from regular school" that presents the main findings of the study. The manuscript is written in accordance with the "Instruction for Author's" of "Food and Nutrition Bulletin".

Part 3 is the compilation of the detailed questionnaire, methodology, other important results that are not included in the manuscript, ethical consideration and list of references."

"Bone mineral content at old age is dependent upon the peak bone mass achieved in youth and subsequent adult bone loss (Matkovic, 1992). Adequate calcium consumption during childhood is beneficial for the acquisition of peak bone mass and density. It is therefore, calcium has been considered to play important role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis (NIH, 1994), and osteoporosis has been described as a pediatric disease that manifests itself in old age (Lysen and Walker, 1997). If children fail to take in enough calcium, they are more likely to develop osteoporosis later in life (Insel et al., 2002). Nevertheless, calcium is one of the nutrients that most likely to be low or deficient in children's diets (Krause's, 2000). Recently, calcium has been suspected to have a positive effect in preventing some disorders, including diarrhea. Bovee et al., (2003) indicated that low calcium intake has been shown to impair host resistance to food-borne intestinal infections. Because of childhood morbidity and mortality due to infectious diarrhea is very high in developing countries, adequate dietary calcium intakes of the children will likely improve their bone as well as intestinal health (Bovee et al., 2003). Dairy products are always regarded as primary source of calcium. It is difficult to meet the RDA for calcium without milk or milk products (Krause, 1992). Unfortunately, the general Indonesian population does not commonly consume milk.

The results of 1997 national survey on households' food consumption pattern across provinces in Indonesia reveal that milk consumption was zero, or milk product was never consumed in the last three months at the time of survey (Sumarno at al., 1997). In line with the 1997 national survey, Ariani et al., (1997) reported that the level of milk consumption was lower than that of other animal products across the provinces in Indonesia, and in general, milk consumption of Indonesian population was below the standard of adequacy of milk consumption according to Widyakarya National Pangan dan Gizi 1998 (4.6 kg/cap/year). The above facts indicate that many Indonesians may consume calcium-deficient diet."

"Probiotics, product containing viable, defined and sufficient microorganisms that beneficially alfects the host, has shown cholesterol-lowering effect in in vitro, animal and human studies. However, studies in human showed inconclusive findings.

A randomized double-blind two-way cross-over study was conducted to investigate whether daily supplementation of yoghurt enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus improves lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic Indonesian adult males. Each period of treatment was 4 wk, separated by a 2 wk washout period. During both treatment periods, subjects consumed daily either yoghurt enriched with Lacidophilus FNCCI I6 (test yoghurt) or traditional yoghurt (control yoghurt).

By the end of the first period, serum total cholesterol concentration of subjects in test group was significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to those in control group (21 0.4 kurang lebih 8.3 vs 226.8 kurang lebih 4.5 mg/dL); and the concentration in both groups was significantly lower compared to baseline. The reduction, however, was not significantly different between groups (-6.0 kurang lebih 2.0 vs -5.9 kurang lebih 2.1 %). There were no significant differences between groups on other lipid profile variables i.e serum LDL-C, HDL-C, tryglicerides, and LDL/HDL ratio, after supplementation. No significant differences on all lipid profile variables between groups were observed after supplementation at the second treatment period and when the treatment period was combined. However, there was a tendency that test group had better lipid profile, except for triglycerides, than control group (p<0.05 for LDL/HDL ratio; p=0.053 for LDL-C).

This cross-over study showed that daily supplementation of yoghurt enriched with Lacidophilus FNCCI 16 showed hypocholesterolemic effect only at the first period, but not at the second and the combined periods."

"Addressing public health problems of child malnutrition in Indonesia needs an appropriate integrated health and nutrition program. Positive Deviance Approach integrated with Posyandu TKA (Tumbuh Kembang Anak) offered an excellent opportunity to alleviate the health and malnutrition problem. A community trial study was conducted with a main objective to measure the effect of 3-month Positive Deviance Approach (PDA) integrated with posyandu TKA on growth of the children under five in Pandeglang District, Banten Province, Indonesia.This research report is divided into three parts. Part 1 includes comprehensive reviews on the background of the study, rationale of the study, literature review, conceptual framework, hypothesis, objectives and variable indicator matrix.Part 2 covers the manuscript for publication with a title of "The Effectiveness of 3-months Positive Deviance Approach (PDA) integrated with Posyandu TKA (Tumbuh KembangAnak) on Growth of Underweight Children 6-59 months in Pandeglang District, Banten Province, Indonesia". It is written and formatted in accordance with the instructions for author of The Journal of Nutrition.Part 3 shows the supporting documents including important results that are not included in the manuscript, detailed methodology, grant approval, curriculum vitae and list of references for this research. List of operational definition and abbreviation are also included as guide for the readers.It is hoped that the results of this study will serve as reference data and advocacy tool for intervention program to address under nutrition among children. It can also be use for planning and implementation of future programs especially for Posyandu Revitalization Program in Indonesia."

"ABSTRACTThis study was conducted for the purpose to obtain valuable information onhow far health center had done its role on improving children nutritional status. This study did not attempt to evaluate health program implemented byhealth center, but only differentiated the two extremes of health centerperformance (low and high performance) and their contribution to improvingchildren nutritional status. This research report has been presented in three parts. Part 1. Introductionconsisted of background of the study, problem statement and rationale of thestudy, literature review, causal model, hypotheses, objectives of the study,variables and indicators. Part 2. Manuscript for publication was presentedaccording to Food and Nutrition Bulletin's format, there were abstract,introduction, subjects and methods, results, discussion, conclusion,references, and appendices. Part 3. Appendices consisted of questionnaires,methodology, ethical consideration, operational definition, detailed results,recommendations, instruction for the contributors of Food and NutritionBulletin, references and curriculum vitae."

"Faktor gizi adalah salah satu faktor terkuat dan faktor lingkungan yang secara nyata mempengaruhi waktu terjadinya pubertas. Penelitian dangan desain cross sectional ini benujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik menars, status gizi dan gaya hidup pada remaja putri I0-I3 tahun di Jakarta pusat serla hubungan ketiga faktor tersebut (n=2l I). Proporsi remaja putri yang sudah mengalami menars sebanyak 23% dan rata-rata usia menars adalah l 1.6 tahun. 72.5% remaja putri mempunyai normal z Score BMI;/'or-age dan 53.3% remaja putri mempunyai kelebihan Iemak tubuh. Perubahan gaya hidup melalui pola makan yang sehat harus diterapkan olerh remaja putri ini melalui edukasi oleh lingkungan sekitar mereka.

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Nutritional factors are the strongest and most obvious environmental factor affecting timing of puberty. This cross sectional study was conducted to determine the association between menarche, nutritional status and lifestyle among adolescent girls aged 10-13 years in Central Jakarta (n=2l I). The proportion of menarche among 10-13 years old girls was 28% and the age of menarche was ll.6 years old. About 72.5% of adolescent girls have normal BMI-for-age z-score. More than half (58.3%) of adolescent girls has over fat. The food habit of these adolescent girls should be changed by giving nutrition education to help them have better food habit."

"Chitosan, a cationic polysaccharide derived from the cuticle of crustacean, ispromoted as a remedy to reduce fat absorption, might help reducing body weight andnormalizing lipid profile without any harmful effect. However, its clinical effectivenessfor this condition remains disputed. Therefore, study on that matters are required toinvestigate the effect of chitosan on human body weight and lipid profile. This research report is divided in three sequential parts. Part 1 contentscomprehensive reviews on the background and rationale of the study, problemstatements, literature review, causal model, objectives of the study and the hypotheses. Part 2 covers manuscript for publication entitled ?The effects of chitosan onbody weight, body fat and lipid profiles among Vietnamese overweight obesitydyslipdaemia female teachers? that presents the main findings of the study. Themanuscript is written in accordance with the ?Instructions for Authors? of PeerReviewed Journal ?Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition?. Part 3 consists of detailed questionnaire, methodology, and other importantresults that are not included in manuscript. Form used for inform consent as well asreferences are also attached. Hopefully, this research report will give more information for better understandof the emerging issues and give benefit for future studies."

"Keragaman makanan telah diketahui berhubungan dengan kecukupan dan status gizi. Sehingga, metode skor keragaman makanan sebagai indikator yang mudah untuk memprediksi berat lahir bayi memiliki ketertarikan untuk diketahui. Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain potong lintang di Jakarta Timur yang terdiri dari 288 ibu hamil, usia 19?44 tahun pada umur kehamilan >32 minggu. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa keragaman makanan berhubungan secara statistik dengan berat lahir dan merupakan prediktor yang paling kuat (Adj.OR=2.8) dari faktor lainnya yang dapat meningkatkan berat badan lahir bayi ≥ 3.000 gram secara statistik, seperti usia ibu (Adj. OR=2.5) dan berat ibu di trimester tiga (Adj. OR=2.6). "

"Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk membandingkan status gizi danpenyakit infeksi pada anak usia 12-59 bulan antara kelompok yang menerimadosis penuh dan yang menerima setengah dosis/tanpa kapsul vitamin A diperkotaan miskin Paseban. Studi cross sectional ini, 429 anak direkrut melaluisampel random sederhana dan purposive sampling. Status gizi dan prevalensipenyakit infeksi antar grup tidak berbeda secara signifikan. Studi ini menemukanpemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan di posyandu, keterpaparan informasi mengenaisuplementasi vitamin A dan pengetahuan pengasuh yang lebih baik mengenaivitamin A lebih tinggi ditemukan pada anak kelompok dosis penuh dibandingkankelompok setengah dosis/tanpa kapsul vitamin A.

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AbstractThe aim of study was to compare nutritional status and infectious diseasesamong children aged 12-59 months old betwen groups receiving full doses andhalf/no dose of vitamin A capsules in urban poor Paseban. This cross sectionalstudy, 429 were recruited through simple random and purposive sampling.Nutritional status and prevalence of infectious diseases between groups were notsignificantly different. This study found that utilization of health services inposyandu, exposure about vitamin A supplemantation from caregivers and betterknowledge of cargeivers on vitamin A were higher found among children in fulldoses group compared to those in half/no dose group."

"ABSTRAK Tujuan dari studi potong lintang dengan sampel 241 anak usia 6-23 bulan ini adalah menilai kesepakatan antara diet minimum yang dapat diterima dan kecukupan zat gizi. Purposive sampling dilakukan di Puskesmas Aren Jaya dan Jati Bening. Kemudian, pengambilan sampel secara acak dilakukan untuk menganalisa kesepakatan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa lebih dari setengah dari populasi telah diperkenalkan makanan padat, semi-padat atau makanan lembut, tetap diberikan ASI setelah 1 tahun (78,5%), mengkonsumsi makanan yang kaya zat besi/yang diperkaya zat besi ( 63,4%), mengkonsumsi beranekaragam makanan (66,6%) dan memenuhi frekuensi makan (98,4%). Namun, hanya 47,7% dari anak-anak tersebut memenuhi diet minimum yang dapat diterima. Masih terdapat banyak anak yang tidak memenuhi asupan zat besi, kalsium dan seng. Sementara itu di tingkat populasi, masih banyak anak yang tidak memenuhi EAR untuk mikronutrien kecuali vitamin A. Hal ini diduga bahwa jumlah zat besi, kalsium dan seng yang dikonsumsi pada anak-anak tersebut tidak memenuhi rekomendasi. Kesepakatan dengan level moderat (Se 0.7) didapat dari diet minimum yang dapat diterima dalam memperkirakan ketidakcukupan energi, protein dan asupan lemak pada anak-anak usia 18-23 bulan dengan PPV ≥ 0.8. Penelitian ini mengkonfirmasi bahwa metode diet minimum yang dapat diterima dalam memperkirakan ketidakcukupan asupan energi, protein dan lemak pada anak-anak berusia 18-23 bulan dapat diterapkan di level individu dan populasi.

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ABSTRAK The objective of this cross sectional study with an eligible sample around 241 children aged 6-23 months was to assess the agreement between minimum acceptable diet and the adequacy of macro and selected micronutrients. Purposive sampling was done in Aren Jaya and Jati Bening Primary Health Care. Meanwhile, simple random sampling was conducted to obtain the eligible sample to analyze the agreement. Over than a half of the respective population was introduced by solid, semi-solid or soft food, continued breastfed after 1 year (78.5%), consumed iron rich or iron fortified food (63.4%), met the minimum dietary diversity (66.6%) and met the minimum meals frequency (98.4%). However, only 47.7% of children met the minimum acceptable diet. More than a half of children with in adequate intake of iron, calcium and zinc while as well as in the population level, the proportion below EAR was high for micronutrients except vitamin A. It was presumed that the quantity intake of iron, calcium and zinc among children was inappropriate. Moderate agreement (Se 0.7) was found in the minimum acceptable diet in estimating energy, protein and fat intake inadequacy among 18-23 months of age both breastfed and non-breastfed children with PPV ≥ 0.8. This study confirmed that the minimum acceptable diet could be an alternative method in estimating energy, protein and fat intake inadequacy among 18-23 months of age in both individual and population setting"